INTRODUCTION OF STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY

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INTRODUCTION OF STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY

• Hariom Yadav1, Shalini Jain1 and Mukesh Yadav2
• 1nimal Biochemistry Division,
• National Dairy Research Institute,
• Karnal-132001, Haryana, INDIA
• 2SOS in Chemistry, Jiwaji University,
• Gwalior-474011, M.P., INDIA
• Corresponding author Email yadavhariom_at_gmail.com

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Importance of Stem Cell Research
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Stem Cell History
1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from
human embryos 1999 - First Successful human
transplant of insulin-making cells from
cadavers 2001 - President Bush restricts federal
funding for embryonic stem-cell research 2002 -
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
International creates 20 million fund-raising
effort to support stem-cell research 2002 -
California ok stem cell research 2004 - Harvard
researchers grow stem cells from embryos using
private funding 2004 - Ballot measure for 3
Billion bond for stem cells
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Stem Cell Definition

• A cell that has the ability to continuously
  divide and differentiate (develop) into various
  other kind(s) of cells/tissues

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Stem Cell Characteristics

• Blank cells (unspecialized)
• Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for
  long periods of time (proliferation and renewal)
• Have the potential to give rise to specialized
  cell types (differentiation)

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Kinds of Stem Cells
Stem cell type Description Examples
Totipotent Each cell can develop into a new individual Cells from early (1-3 days) embryos
Pluripotent Cells can form any (over 200) cell types Some cells of blastocyst (5 to 14 days)
Multipotent Cells differentiated, but can form a number of other tissues Fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells
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Stem Cell Differentiation
Princeton University
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Kinds of Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cells come from a five to
six-day-old embryo. They have the ability to form
virtually any type of cell found in the human
body. Embryonic germ cells are derived from the
part of a human embryo or foetus that will
ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes).
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells
found among specialised or differentiated cells
in a tissue or organ after birth. Based on
current research they appear to have a more
restricted ability to produce different cell
types and to self-renew.
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Blastocyst Diagram
Princeton University
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Sexual Reproduction
The Association of Reproductive Health
Professionals
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Stages of Embryogenesis
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Derivation and Use of Embryonic Stem Cell Lines
Special sauce(largely unknown)
Heart muscle
Kidney
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Embryonic stem cells
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Adult stem cells
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Applications

• Disease
• Diabetes, Spinal cord injury, Parkinsons
  disease, heart disease
• Genetic based Disease
• Cystic fibrosis, Huntingtons

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Unknowns in Stem Cell/Cloning Research

• It is uncertain that human embryonic stem cells
  in vitro can give rise to all the different cell
  types of the adult body.
• It is unknown if stem cells cultured in vitro
  (apart from the embryo) will function as the
  cells do when they are part of the developing
  embryo

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Challenges to Stem Cell/Cloning Research

• Stem cells need to be differentiated to the
  appropriate cell type(s) before they can be used
  clinically.
• Recently, abnormalities in chromosome number and
  structure were found in three human ESC lines.

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Challenges to Stem Cell/Cloning Research

• Stem cell development or proliferation must be
  controlled once placed into patients.
• Possibility of rejection of stem cell transplants
  as foreign tissues is very high.

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Challenges to Stem Cell/Cloning Research

• Contamination by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and
  Mycoplasma possible.
• The use of mouse feeder cells to grow ESC could
  result in problems due to xenotransplantation
  (complicating FDA requirements for clinical use).

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Stem cell and cloning
Immune rejection
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
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Thanks
(Time 2.19.01)