Title: World War I (1914-1918)
1World War I(1914-1918)
2Causes of World War I
- M militarism
- A alliance system
- I imperialism
- N nationalism
3Militarism
- Policy of building up strong armed forces to
prepare for war. - European nations expanded their armies and navies
- Nations raced for
- naval dominance and
- this led to increased
- tension (especially
- Britain and Germany)
4Alliances
- Agreement between nations to aid and protect each
other. - To protect themselves, European powers formed
rival alliances - Central Powers Germany and Austria-Hungary and
Ottoman Empire - Allies (Triple Entente) Britain, France and
Russia
5Imperialism
- Policy of powerful countries seeking to control
the economic and political affairs of weaker
countries - Will lead to rivalries because Britain, France,
Germany, Italy, and Russia all scrambled for
colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.
6Nationalism
- Pride on ones country
- Many people believed that people with a common
language and culture should get rid of foreign
rule and form their own countries - Nationalism deepened hostility between
Austria-Hungary and Russia. Russia encouraged
Serbs and other minorities in Austria-Hungary to
rise up against their rulers.
7June 28, 1914Murder in Sarajevo
- The spark that started WWI was the assassination
of Austrias Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
8Arriving at City Hall
Leaving
Gavrilo Princip
9- Central Powers
- (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire)
- Vs.
- the Allies
- (England, France, Russia, and the United States)
10A Local Conflict leads to a World War
- Map of World with Participants in World War I -
Allies in green Central Powers in orange -
neutral in grey
11Entangled Alliances
- Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July
28, 1914, a month after the assassination in
Sarajevo. - Russia, bound by treaty to Serbia, mobilizes its
army - Germany viewed the Russian mobilization as an act
of war against its ally Austria-Hungary and so
declared war on Russia - France, bound by its treaty to Russia declared
war on Germany and, by extension, its ally
Austria-Hungary - Germany invaded Belgium so Britain declared war
on Germany to protect Belgium - Three weeks later, Japan declared its military
alliance with Britain
12The Schlieffen Plan
- Germany feared a war on two fronts
- General Alfred von Schlieffen developed a plan to
avoid a two front war - He believed that Russia would be slow to mobilize
so he figured that Germany would have time to
quickly defeat France before having to fight
Russia - This plan required Germany to march
- through Belgium to get to France
- this caused a problem because Britain
- and other European nations had signed
- a treaty guaranteeing Belgium neutrality
- Britain declares war on Germany in
- response to the invasion of Belgium.
13German Troops enter Belgium
14Many people believed this would be a short war
Why?
- Weaponry was more efficient than ever before
This is the reaction to the declaration of war in
Paris
- They were WRONG, the war dragged on until 1918
15WWI was a new kind of war, far deadlier than any
before.
16Weapons of World War I
- Machine Gun
- Poison Gas
- Airplanes
- Tanks
- Submarines (U-boats)
17Machine Guns
- 1.) Transformed warfare
- 2.) Able to kill an entire unit of men.
- 3.) Created a stalemate during the war.
18The First Tanks
- Used to breech holes in trench line defenses
19Poison Gas
- 1.) Used for the 1st time during WWI.
- 2.) French were the 1st to use it.
- 3.) Mustard gas - most lethal of all gases.
- Odorless remained active for weeks.
20German U-Boats
- Hunted in packs to attack Allied shipping in
the Atlantic
21Read the article on U-Boats
22A New Kind of Hero
- Baron Manfred von Richthofen
- 80 kills
23Aerial Combatfor the First Time in History
24Trench warfare
- The Germans decided to dig trenches that would
provide them protection from the French and
British troops. The Allies couldnt break through
this line, causing them to dig trenches.
Eventually they spread from the North Sea to the
Swiss Frontier.
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27Conditions of the Trenches
- Millions of soldiers roasted under the broiling
summer sun or froze through long winters. They
share their food with rats and their beds with
lice.
Pumping out the trenches to avoid trench foot
28Trench Foot
29Primary Sources on Trenches
- Discussion Question What was your general
reaction to these conditions?
30No Mans Land
- 1.) Ground between two opposing trenches.
- 2.) Contained barbed wire.
- 3.) Millions of men died
- trying to make it
- across.
31Preparing to Enter No-Mans Land
32Over the Top
33World War I Battles
34Battle of Gallipoli (1915)
- 1.) Happened in modern day Turkey.
- 2.) British Indian, Australian, and New
- Zealand troops attacked the
- Ottomans.
- 3.) After 10 months and 200,000
- causalities, the Allies withdrew.
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37Battle of Verdun (1916)
- 1.) Takes place in France
- 2.) German forces tried to overwhelm
- the French, but failed to do so.
- 3.) The struggle cost more the half-
- million causalities on both sides.
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39Battle of the Somme River (1916)
- 1.) Takes place in France
- 2.) Allied offensive here was even
- more costly than Verdun.
- 3.) In a single day, 60,000 British
- soldiers were killed or wounded.
- After 5 months of fighting only 11 kilometers of
territory is gained by the Allies.
40- By 1917, total war, the channeling of a nations
entire resources into a war effort, was
instituted by almost all nations involved.
41- Both sides waged a propaganda war, which is the
spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage
an opposing cause.
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44The Sinking of the Lusitania
45Major Leaders of World War I
46Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria-Hungary
His assassination led to the outbreak of World
War I.
47Kaiser Wilhelm II Germany Stepped down from
power in 1918 and fled into exile to the
Netherlands.
48King George V England Cousins of Nicolas and
Wilhelm, he is the only one able to celebrate
victory in 1918
49President Woodrow Wilson United
States His ideas for peace led to the
creation of the League of Nations.
50Czar Nicolas II Russia Military defeats and
high casualties in WWI led to his murder.
51Russia leaves the war (1917)
- 1.) Communist revolution brings the Russian
- monarchy down.
- 2.) Vladimir Lenin claims power.
- 3.) Russia signs a treaty with
- Germany that ended Russian
- participation in WWI.
52Finally, the war ends
- In 1918, both sides of the war continued to
fight. With the Kaiser fleeing into exile and
Austria-Hungary reeling towards collapse, an
armistice was signed. On November 11, 1918,
World War I came to an end.
53Outcomes and global effects
54The colonies participation in the war increased
demands for independence, which they would not
get until later in the 20th century.
55WWI caused the destruction of many empires and
governments, including Russia, the Ottoman
Empire, Germany, and Austria-Hungary.
56The Cost
- Soldiers, sailors, and airmen involved worldwide
65,038,810 - Total military deaths worldwide 8,020,780
- Total civilian deaths worldwide 6,642,633
- Military wounded worldwide 21,228,813
- Approximate cost in early twentieth century
dollars 281,887,000,000
57- Wilsons Fourteen Points
- A list of terms for resolving
- this and future wars.
- He called for an end to
- secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade,
and large-scale reductions of arms.
58League of Nations
- Created to prevent another world war by
encouraging peaceful resolution of problems. - The USA didnt join because the League might pull
them into another European confrontation.
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60Treaty of Versailles
- 1.) Germany was forced to accept guilt for
- war (Article 231). ? War Guilt Clause
- 2.) Germany had to pay 30 billion dollars in war
damages. - 3.) The treaty severely
- limited the size of
- Germanys military.
- 4.) The treaty stripped
- Germany of their
- overseas colonies.