FROM RELIGIOUS DISPUTE TO RELIGIOUS WAR

1
FROM RELIGIOUS DISPUTETO RELIGIOUS WAR

• Lutherans and Catholics made peace in Germany in
  1555, but the following developments aggravated
  religious tensions
• The Catholic revival led by the Society of Jesus
  (Ignatius Loyola) and the Council of Trent
  (1545-1563).
• The spread after 1550 of John Calvins
  Reformed strain of Protestantism from Geneva to
  southern France, Scotland, the Netherlands, and
  the Rhineland.
• The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1593.
• The Dutch War of Independence from Spain,
  1572-1609.

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THE CONFESSIONAL PARTITION OF EUROPE BY 1560
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Militant Anabaptism was destroyed in 1535, when
Jan of Leyden was executed in Münster, but
pacifist sects endured

• Mennonites followed the teachings of Menno
  Simons, who renounced any use of violence (there
  are 1.5 million today worldwide the Amish are an
  offshoot)
• Hutterites followed the teachings of Jakob Hutter
  and formed communes where all goods were held in
  common (there are now 45,000 in North America)
• Unitarians Several radical writers challenged
  the Nicene Creed and taught that Jesus was simply
  human, an exemplary teacher and prophet (the UUA
  now has 160,000 members in the USA).
• Such radicals were often compelled to flee to
  Poland, Hungary, Transylvania, or the New World
  to avoid persecution.

4
Ulrich Zwinglilaunched the Swiss Reformation in
Zürich in 1521and agreed with Luther on 14 of
15 Points at the Marburg Colloquy of
1529(chaired by Landgrave Philip I of Hesse)
5
Rubens, The Miracles of St. Ignatius Loyola

• Lived 1491-1556
• Spanish soldier
• Founded Society of Jesus in 1540 (Jesuits)
• If the Church commands it, I will believe that
  the white object I see is black.
• Peter Canisius founded new universities in
  Ingolstadt Munich in 1550s.

6
St. Teresa of Avila(1515-1582)Her portrait by
Rubens and her Ecstasy as sculpted by Bernini
Her theological writings earned her the title,
doctor of the Church, and she founded a
reformed branch of the Carmelite Order
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The Council of Trent,1545-1563

• The Vulgate is the authorized Bible
• Good works are the prerequisite to salvation
• Tradition remains as important as Scripture
• Improve training supervision of clergy!

8
The Pope blesses pilgrims in St. Peters Square,
ca. 1580
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The New St. Peters Cathedral in Rome (completed
1626)
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Baroque altar of the Jesuit Church in Rome, built
1695-99
11
King Francis I with Erasmus and Alberto Pio
(1526) Francis ordered the execution of 20
Protestants in 1534
12
The young John Calvin (1509-1564), who became
chief pastor in Geneva in 1541
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CALVINISTS DIVERGED FROM LUTHERANS REGARDING
SALVATION AND PROPER CHURCH GOVERNMENT

• Calvin opposed Luthers doctrine of salvation by
  faith alone with the doctrine of
  predestination nobody could know why God
  decreed that some were elected for salvation and
  others damned.
• Calvin rejected Luthers model of church
  government based on cooperation between
  university faculties of theology and government
  officials who administered church property.
• Calvins Reformed church was based on elected
  councils of elders (presbyters) in each
  congregation and regional synods.

14
This Lutheran satirist has a Calvinist preacher
say, Take, eat, in memory only. Below the
Devil says I, Satan, am also among the
Calvinists.
15
Bloody Mary (r. 1553-58), who exiled John Knox
to Geneva
Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) allowed the exiles to
return
16
The International Calvinist Conspiracy of the
1560s
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A Huguenot (Reformed) service in Lyon, 1564
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Pieter Brueghel, The Sermon of Saint John the
Baptist (1566)The Reformed movement spread to
the Low Countries through open-air revival
meetings
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The iconoclasm of Dutch Calvinists, ca. 1570
20
An austere Calvinist church in the Palatinate,
ca. 1600
21
The Unitarian Michael Servetus (1511-1553) was
executed in Calvins Geneva
22
Dominant and minority confessions in Europe, ca.
1560Huguenots converted only 1/6 of the French
people but around 1/3 of French nobles and
merchants