INTERACTIONS 1914 - Present

1
INTERACTIONS1914 - Present

• WAR
• DIPLOMACY

2
DRIFT TOWARDS WAR

• Slavic Nationalism
• Pan-Slavism stressed unity of Slavs under Russia
• In Turkey Bulgars, Macedonians sought
  independence
• Austrian Slavs independence or rights within
  Austria
• Hungarian Slavs unification with independent
  Serbia
• Germany backed Austria-Hungary
• Anglo-German Rivalry
• Naval race between Germany, Britain increased
  tensions
• German industrialization threatened British lead
• Colonial disputes of the late nineteenth century
• Germany sought colonies at others expense
• France, Germany nearly fought over Morocco in
  1905
• Balkan wars (1912-13) strained diplomatic
  relations
• France, UKGB, Russia came together to oppose
  Germany
• Public opinion supported national rivalries
• Attitudes of patriotism among European citizens
• Leaders under pressure to be aggressive, to take
  risks

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COLONIAL EMPIRES, c. 1914
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ALLIANCES WAR PLANS

• Rival systems of alliance
• Obligated allies to come to one another's defense
• Included all great powers and many lesser powers
• Even included Japan
• The Central Powers
• Germany, Austria-Hungary formed a Dual Alliance
  1879
• In fear of France, Italy joined, now Triple
  Alliance
• Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Rumania affiliated with
  Germany
• The Allies
• Britain, France, Russia formed the Triple
  Entente, or Allies
• Shifting series of treaties ended with a military
  pact, 1914
• Belgium, Serbia linked to Allies
• War plans each power poised and prepared for war
  
• Military leaders devised inflexible military
  plans
• France's Plan focused on offensive maneuvers and
  attacks
• Germany's plan swiftly defeat France, then
  Russia
• Neutrals were not to be respected
• Wars were to be swift and over by Christmas

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WORLD WAR I BEGINS

• The guns of August - June 1914 Countries race
  towards war
• The Western front
• Stalemate caused by new weapons
• Bloodletting long, costly battles
• New technologies favored defensive tactics over
  offensive tactics
• Armored tanks used to break down trenches toward
  end of the war
• Airplanes used mainly for reconnaissance
• Submarines
• Used especially by Germans against Allied
  shipping
• Unrestricted warfare against all vessels to
  isolate Great Britain
• On the eastern front
• Battle lines more fluid
• Russians gradually overrun by Germans, Austria
• New rules of engagement
• Civilians became targets of enemy military
  operations
• Air raids against civilians naval blockades
  common
• Total war the home front
• On the home front the economy mobilized to the
  war effort
• Women served the war by entering the workforce

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WORLD WAR I OUTSIDE OF EUROPE

• British, French forces used colonials as troops,
  bearers
• FR Senegalese troops at Marne, Vietnamese
  bearers used
• UK Indian troops in SW Asia, African bearers
• Australia, New Zealand, Canada heavily involved
• Asia-Pacific
• Japan entered war with Allies to get German
  holdings in area
• The Twenty-One Demands
• Japan advanced its imperial interests in China
• 21 Demands were designed to reduce China to
  Japanese protectorate
• Britain intervened, prevented total capitulation
  of China to Japan
• Sub-Saharan Africa
• Allies targeted the four German colonies in
  Africa
• Togoland fell quickly, but not the others long,
  protracted warfare
• Many Allied soldiers and workers died from
  tropical diseases
• The Ottoman Empire and SW Asia
• Battle of Gallipoli, 1915, in Ottoman Turkey
• British decided to strike at the weakest Central
  Power, the Ottomans
• Battle of Gallipoli a disaster, with 250,000
  casualties on each side
• The Ottoman empire lost ground after Gallipoli

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END OF THE WAR

• Russia
• 1917 February or Democratic Revolution in Russia
• Uprising against shortages, mounting deaths in
  the war
• Facing mutinies, Nicholas II abdicated
• Struggle for power between provisional
  government, soviets
• New government passed many liberal reforms
• Did not undertake land reform, did not withdraw
  from the war
• V. I. Lenin (1870-1924) stepped into unstable
  situation
• A revolutionary Marxist, exiled in Switzerland
• Saw importance of a well-organized, disciplined
  party for revolution
• 1917 October or Communist Revolution
• Minority Bolsheviks gained control of Petrograd
  soviet
• Bolsheviks' slogan "Peace, Land, and Bread"
  appealed to workers, peasants
• Russia withdrew from war, made a separate peace
  with Germany
• U.S. intervention
• United States under President Woodrow Wilson
  officially neutral
• American public opposed to participation but U.S.
  sold supplies, gave loans
• By 1917, Allied ability to repay loans depended
  on Allied victory
• The submarine warfare helped sway American public
  opinion

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PARIS PEACE COFERENCE, 1919

• Wilson's 14 Points proposal for a just and
  lasting peace
• Free trade, rights for colonials,
  self-determination, association of nations
• Most rejected by Allies Central Powers
  surrendered based on them
• Results of War
• Great War killed fifteen million people, wounded
  twenty million
• Set stage for decolonization after World War II
• Economic crises inflation, debt, loss of
  investments, foreign markets
• Economic relationship between Europe, US United
  States now creditor
• Loss of prestige overseas weakened European grip
  on colonies
• Paris settlement was dominated by Britain,
  France, United States
• Twenty-seven nations with conflicting aims
  participated Peace dictated
• Leaders of Central Powers and Soviet Union not
  included
• The Peace Treaties, 1919
• French insisted on destroying German military
• Central Powers forced to accept war guilt and pay
  reparations for cost of war
• Austria, Hungary separated, reduced new states
  added to eastern Europe
• Overall, the peace settlement was a failure left
  a bitter legacy
• Self-determination for ethnic nationalities
• Basis for redrawing map of Eastern Europe
  Difficult to draw lines

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LEAGUE OF NATIONS

• The League of Nations created to maintain world
  peace
• Forty-two members, twenty-six of them outside
  Europe
• Dominated by UK, France and used as force against
  Germany
• The league had no power to enforce its decisions
• League could only
• Make suggestions
• Impose sanctions
• Blockades
• Collective security depended on all major powers
• Powers Left Out
• United States never joined
• USSR ignored
• Germany not invited for some time
• The mandate system
• United States opposed direct colonization
• Allies proposed system of trusteeships
• France, United Kingdom benefited most
• Created from German colonies, Ottoman territories
  in S.W. Asia
• Idealistic Attempts

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LEAGUE OF NATIONS
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INTERWAR DIPLOMACY

• Japan
• Global conflict began with Japanese invasion of
  Manchuria, 1931
• League of Nations condemned action Japan simply
  withdrew from league
• 1937, Japan launched full-scale invasion of China
• 1937 War In China Resumed
• Nationalists and communists formed "united front"
  against Japanese
• Unable to effectively work together, they
  conducted guerilla attacks
• Japan, Germany, Italy ally 1940 neutrality pact
  with USSR, 1941
• European aggression
• Italy after the Great War
• Italians felt slighted at the Paris Peace
  Conference
• Mussolini promised national glory, empire
• Invaded Ethiopia (1935-1936), killed 250,000
  Ethiopians annexed Albania
• Germany deep resentment at Treaty of Versailles
• Harsh terms reparations, economic restrictions,
  depression helped Nazis
• Hitler blamed Jews, communists, liberals for
  losing war, Versailles Treaty
• After 1933, Hitler moved to ignore terms of peace
  settlement
• Withdrew from League, 1933 Rebuilt military, air
  force reinstated draft
• Militarized Rhineland, 1936 Austria, 1938
  France and Britain did nothing

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WORLD WAR II AXIS 1939 - 1942

• Blitzkreig Germany conquers Europe
• Strategy of a "lightening war" unannounced,
  surprise attacks
• Conquests 1939 - Poland 1940 - France, Norway,
  Denmark, Low Countries
• Battle of the Atlantic pitted German submarines
  against British convoys
• The battle of Britain was a British victory
  against the German airforce
• Germans, British, Italians fight see-saw war in
  the deserts of North Africa
• The German invasion of the Soviet Union
• 1941 Germany conquers the Balkans, invades USSR
  in June 1941
• Blitzkrieg strategies less effective in Russia
• Hitler underestimated Soviet industrial capacity
• Russian winter caught German troops ill-prepared
• Germans stalled at Battle of Stalingrad
• U.S. support of the Allies before Pearl Harbor
• Roosevelt sold and then "loaned" arms and war
  material to the British
• Later supplied the Soviets and the Chinese
• Japanese expansion
• Continued into southeast Asia Indochina,
  1940-1941
• United States responded by freezing Japanese
  assets, implementing oil embargo
• Demanded withdrawal from China and southeast Asia
  

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WORLD WAR II 1942 - 1945

• Impact of Soviet Union and U.S. entry in 1941
• USSR brought vital personnel and USA industry to
  Allies
• Russia fielded 350 divisions against the German
  130
• Germany forced to fight a two front war
• German subs sank 2,452 merchants ships, but U.S.
  shipyards built more
• Allied victories came after 1943
• Russians defeated the Germans at Stalingrad,
  pushed them back
• 1944, British-U.S. troops invaded North Africa
  and then Italy
• June 1944, British-U.S. forces invaded northern
  France at Normandy
• Overwhelmed Germans on coast of Normandy, 6 June
  1944
• Round-the-clock strategic bombing by Allies
  leveled German cities
• Germans surrendered unconditionally 8 May 1945
  Hitler committed suicide
• Turning the tide in the Pacific
• The Battle of Midway, June 1942 United States
  broke Japanese code
• Island-hopping strategy moving to islands close
  to Japan for air attacks
• US launched unrestricted submarine warfare
  against Japanese empire
• British invade Japanese empire through Burma, SE
  Asia
• Chinese nationalists, communists tie down 2
  million Japanese troops
• Savage fighting on islands of Iwo Jima and
  Okinawa

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WORLD WAR II ALLIANCES
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HOME FRONTS

• Occupation, collaboration, and resistance
• Patterns of occupation varied
• Japanese conquests puppet governments,
  independent allies, or military control
• German conquests racially "superior" people
  given greater autonomy
• Both Japan, Germany exploited conquered states,
  peoples
• Slave labor conscripted from conquered
  populations to work in factories
• Labor conscripted from Poles, Soviets, Balkans,
  also Chinese and Koreans
• Many local people accepted, collaborated with
  occupying forces
• In Asia, Japanese domination not much different
  from European domination
• Others aided conquerors to gain power in new
  administration
• Anticommunism led some in western Europe to join
  the Nazi SS troops
• Resistance to occupation took many forms
• Active resistance sabotage, assaults,
  assassination
• Passive resistance as well intelligence
  gathering, refusing to submit
• Resistance in Japan and Germany was dangerous and
  rare
• Occupation forces responded to resistance with
  atrocities
• Brutal reprisals to acts of resistance by both
  Germans and Japanese
• Despite retaliation, resistance movements grew
  throughout the war
• Women and the war

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SETTLEMENTS COLD WAR

• Soviet Union and United States vied for
  nonaligned nations
• War left millions of casualties and refugees
• At least sixty million people died in WWII,
  highest in Soviet Union and China
• Eight million Germans fled west to British, U.S.
  territories to escape Soviet army
• Twelve million Germans and Soviet prisoners of
  war made their way home
• Survivors of camps and three million refugees
  from the Balkans returned home
• The origins of the cold war (1947-1990)
• Unlikely alliance between Britain, USSR, USA held
  up for duration of war
• Not without tensions Soviet resented
  U.S.-British delays in European invasion
• Postwar settlement established at Yalta and
  Potsdam
• Each Allied power to occupy and control
  territories liberated by its armed forces
• Stalin agreed to support United States against
  Japan
• Stalin's plans prevailed Poland and east Europe
  became communist allies
• President Truman took hard line at Potsdam,
  widened differences
• Postwar territorial divisions reflected growing
  schism between USA, USSR
• Soviets took east Germany, while United States,
  Britain, and France took west Germany
• Berlin also divided four ways by 1950 division
  seemed permanent
• Churchill spoke of an "iron curtain" across
  Europe, separating east and west
• Similar division in Korea Soviets occupied north
  and United States the south

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COLD WAR IN EUROPE

• Postwar Europe
• Divided into competing political, military,
  economic blocs
• NATO, European Economic Communities
• Warsaw Pact, COMECON
• Neutral European Free Trade Association
  Yugoslavia
• Western Europe
• U.S. allies supported by permanent presence of
  American army
• Parliamentary governments, capitalist economies
• Eastern Europe
• Dominated by Soviet Union, Red Army, secret
  police
• Communist governments modeled after USSR dominate
  countries
• Germany divided east and west in 1949
• Soviets refused to withdraw from eastern Germany
  after World War II
• Allied sectors reunited 1947-1948, Berlin
  remained divided as well
• Berlin blockade and airlift, 1948-1949
• Soviet closed roads, trains, tried to strangle
  West Berlin into submission
• Britain and United States kept city supplied with
  round-the-clock airlift
• Soviets backed down and ended blockade
• The Berlin Wall, 1961

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UNITED NATIONS, 1945
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COLD WAR ALLIANCES
WARSAW PACT ORGANIZATION COMECON
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
CENTRAL TREATY ORGANIZATION
S.E. ASIAN TREATY ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES
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THE COLD WAR WORLD, c. 1982
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COLD WAR CONFLICT

• The Korea War, 1951-1953
• Korea divided at 38th parallel U.S. ally in
  south, Soviet ally in north
• North Korean troops crossed 38th parallel and
  captured Seoul, June 1950
• U.S. and UN troops pushed back North Korean
  troops to Chinese border
• Chinese troops came in, pushed U.S. forces,
  allies back in the south
• Both sides agreed to a cease-fire in July 1953,
  again at 38th parallel
• Globalization of containment
• Western fears of international communism must be
  contained
• Creation of SEATO, an Asian counterpart of NATO
• Domino theory" if one country falls to
  communism, others will follow
• Cuba nuclear flashpoint
• Fidel Castro establishes guerrilla force in
  mountains, 1953
• Overthrew dictator Batista in 1959
• Castro declared that his government would be
  socialist, angers USA
• Castro seized U.S. properties, killed, exiled
  political opponents
• United States cut off Cuban sugar imports,
  imposed export embargo
• Castro accepted Soviet economic aid and arms
  shipments
• Bay of Pigs fiasco, April 1961
• CIA-sponsored invasion of Cuba failed

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DÉTENTE DECLINE OF BIPOLAR WORLD

• Era of cooperation
• Leaders of both superpowers agreed on policy of
  détente, late 1960s
• Exchanged visits and signed agreements calling
  for cooperation, 1972, 1974
• Concluded Strategic Arms Limitations Talks
  (SALT), 1972, again 1979
• Demise of détente
• Full U.S.-China diplomatic relations in 1979
  created U.S.-USSR strain
• U.S. weapons sale to China in 1981 undermined
  U.S.-Soviet cooperation
• 1980 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan prompted
  U.S. economic sanctions
• U.S. defeat in Vietnam
• 1950s, United States committed to support
  noncommunist government in South Vietnam
• U.S. involvement escalated through 1960s
• United States and allies unable to defeat North
  and South Vietnamese communists
• President Nixon pledged in 1968 to end war with
  Vietnam
• U.S. troops gradually withdrew U.S. phase of war
  ended in 1973
• North Vietnam continued war effort, unified the
  nation in 1976
• Soviet setbacks in Afghanistan
• Afghanistan had been a nonaligned nation until
  1978, pro-Soviet coup
• Radical reforms in 1978 prompted backlash
• Islamic leaders objected to radical social
  change, led armed resistance

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END OF COLD WAR

• Revolution in east and central Europe
• Moscow's legacies
• After World War II, Soviets had credibility for
  defeating Nazis
• Communism unable to satisfy nationalism in
  eastern and central Europe
• Soviet-backed governments lacked support and
  legitimacy
• Soviet interventions in 1956 and 1968 dashed
  hopes of a humane socialism
• Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet leader 1985-1991
• 1989, Gorbachev announced restructuring of USSR,
  withdrawal from cold war
• Satellites states informed that each was on its
  own, without Soviet support
• Rapid collapse of communist regimes across
  eastern and central Europe, 1989
• In Poland, Solidarity leader Lech Walesa won
  election of 1990
• Communism overthrown peacefully in Bulgaria and
  Hungary
• Czechoslovakia's "velvet revolution" in 1990,
  divided into Czech Republic, Slovakia
• Only violent revolution was in Romania ended
  with death of communist dictator
• East Germany opened Berlin Wall in 1989 two
  Germanys were united in 1990
• The collapse of the Soviet Union
• Gorbachev's reforms
• Gorbachev hoped for economic reform within
  political and economic system
• Centralized economy inefficient, military
  spending excessive

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GUERRILLA STRUGGLES

• Definition
• Small trained groups conduct military operations
• Targets associated with government, economy
• Avoid conflict with larger, regular military
  forces
• Inspiration
• Nationalism
• Political Independence
• Political Ideology
• Religion
• Previous Historical Examples
• Dutch against Spanish, late 16th and early 17th
  century
• Americans against British, late 18th century
• Spanish against Napoleon, early 19th century
• Russians against Napoleon, early 19th century
• Boers against British in Boer War, late 19th
  century

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GUERRILLA MOVEMENTS VIETNAM

• Indochina was a French colony
• Nationalist movements arrested by French
• Model aims after Chinese nationalist parties
• In 1940, Japanese occupy area in agreement with
  Vichy French
• 1945 1959
• Ho Chi Minh founds Vietnamese Communist Party
• Fought French, Japanese in World War II
• Declared Vietnam independent in 1945
• French decided to reassert colonial rule
• Viet Minh defeated French 1954 Dien Bien Phu
• Vietnam partitioned at 17th parallel
• 1959 1975
• US assumes roll of aid to anti-communist south
• Viet Cong wage war against corrupt South
  Vietnamese state
• Communist guerrilla movements in Laos, Cambodia,
  too
• US troops reach 300,000 but cannot win war
• 1968 Tet Offensive broke Viet Cong, US will to
  win
• US eventually withdraws, South fights loosing
  battle
• North Vietnam takes control of South in 1975

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RELIGIOUS GUERRILLA MOVEMENTS

• Iran 1953 1979
• Shah Reza Pahlavi
• Modernization equals westernization export of
  oil, military take top priority
• Ruled with secret police, tyranny
• Violent clashes between protestors, police
• Ayatollah Khomeni
• Traditionalist movement unites opposition ousts
  Shah in 1979
• Established Muslim fundamentalist state
• Takes US diplomats hostage in 1979, released 1981
• Actively sponsors Muslim terrorist groups abroad
• HAMAS Palestine FPLO Radical branch of the PLO
• Hezbollah Lebanon Shites Islamic Jihad
• Afghanistan 1979 2002
• 1979 USSR invades to support pro-Soviet
  government
• Mujahidin forces fight until 1989
• Communist regime collages 1992 after Soviets
  withdraw troops
• 1996 Taliban Islamic Fundamentalist militia take
  control
• Anti-western anti-women anti-democracy
• Attacks images of west, non-Islamic culture (blew
  up Buddha statues)

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• Post-1945
• Era of international cooperation
• Many global problems cannot be solved by national
  governments
• Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
• Red Cross, an international humanitarian agency,
  founded 1964
• Greenpeace, an environmental organization,
  founded in 1970
• Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch
• The United Nations
• Founded 1945 "to maintain international peace and
  security"
• Security Council
• Permanent Veto Nations UK, US, France, Russia,
  China
• Not successful at preventing wars, for example,
  Iran-Iraq war
• Often can diffuse tense situations
• General Assembly
• Each nation has one vote poor, 3rd world nations
  dominate
• Cannot legislate, but has influence in
  international community
• Often used as a sounding board for world
  concerns, ignored by West
• ECOSOC, UN Commission of Refugees, WHO
• More successful in health and educational goals

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GENOCIDES

• Types of Murder
• Genocide Killing of a specific group of people,
  attempt to wipe out
• Democide Mass murder of people by government
• Ethnic Cleansing Term common when one group
  attacks, kills another
• Armenian Holocaust
• First genocide of 20th century
• Turks killed 1.5 million Armenians for their
  support of Russians in World War I
• The Holocaust
• Long history of anti-Semitism
• Created tolerance of Nazi's anti-Jewish measures
• At first Nazis encouraged Jewish emigration
• Many Jews were unable to leave after Nazis took
  their wealth
• Nazi conquest of Europe brought more Jews under
  their control
• The "final solution"
• Began with slaughter of Jews, Gypsies,
  undesirables in Soviet Union
• By 1941, German special killing units had killed
  1.4 million Jews
• By 1942 Nazis evacuated all European Jews to
  camps in east Poland
• Jewish resistance
• Will to resist sapped by prolonged starvation,
  disease

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21ST CENTURY POWER BLOCKS