STATES OF MATTER

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STATES
OF
MATTER
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STATES OF MATTER

• The Four States of Matter
• Four States
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma

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STATES OF MATTER

• Based upon particle arrangement
• Based upon energy of particles
• Based upon distance between particles

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Kinetic Theory of Matter

• Matter is made up of particles which are in
  continual random motion.

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STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS

• Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating
  about a fixed position.
• Solids have a definite shape and a definite
  volume.

Heat
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STATES OF MATTERLIQUID

• Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are
  far enough apart to slide over one another.
• Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite
  volume.

Heat
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STATES OF MATTERGAS

• Particles of gases are very far apart and move
  freely.
• Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite
  volume.

Heat
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PHASE CHANGES
Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change
Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts.
Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.
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PHASE CHANGES
Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change
Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.
Gas to liquid Condensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses.
Solid to gas Sublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.
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Two states of matter they didnt teach you about
in schoolUntil Now!
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But what happens if you raise the temperature to
super-high levelsbetween 1000C and
1,000,000,000C ?
Will everything just be a gas?
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NO!

• If the gas is made up of particles which carry an
  electric charge (ionized particles), but the
  entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and
  if the density is not too high, then we can get

The 4th state of matter PLASMA
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STATES OF MATTERPLASMA

• A plasma is an ionized gas.
• A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity
  and is affected by magnetic fields.
• Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and
  an indefinite volume.

• Plasma is the
• common state
• of matter

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STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
PLASMA
SOLID
GAS
Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but
do not move from place to place
Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrat
e, move about, and slide past each other
Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrat
e and move freely at high speeds
Has no definite volume or shape and is composed
of electrical charged particles
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Some places where plasmas are found
1. Flames
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2. Lightning
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3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
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The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma
state
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5. Stars
Stars make up 99 of the total matter in the
Universe.Therefore, 99 of everything that
exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma
state.
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4. Neon lights
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6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars
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So now we know all about four states of matter
PLASMAS(only for low density ionized gases)
LIQUIDS
GASES
SOLIDS
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature
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But now what happens if you lower the temperature
way, way, down to100 nano degrees above
Absolute Zero (-273C)
Will everything just be a frozen solid?
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Not Necessarily!

• In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert
  Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state
  of matter which would occur at very very low
  temperatures.

Einstein
Bose

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Finally, in 1995 (only 11 years ago!), Wolfgang
Ketterle and his team of graduate students (like
me) discovered the 5th state of matter for the
first time.
Ketterle and his students
The 5th state of matter Bose-Einstein
Condensate
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In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no
longer bounce around as individuals. Instead
they must all act in exactly the same way, and
you can no longer tell them apart!
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Here is a picture a computer took
of Bose-Einstein Condensation
The big peak happens when all the atoms act
exactly the same way!
(We cant see Bose-Einstein condensation with our
eyes because the atoms are too small)
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Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein
Condensates
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To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you
need to know
Quantum Physics
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In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists
received the highest award in science for
discovering Bose-Einstein condensate
The Nobel Prize
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The five states of matter
PLASMAS(only for low density ionized gases)
LIQUIDS
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
SOLIDS
GASES
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature