PRESENTATION ON RPLS

1
PRESENTATION ON RPLS
2
Agriculture in
Agro-Climatic Zones Of India
3

• With the 329 million hectares of the geographical
  area the country presents a large number of
  complex agro-climatic situations.
• 70 percent of India's population lives in rural
  areas where the main occupation is agriculture
  having a average farm size is only 1.57 hectares.
• 93 percent of farmers have land holdings smaller
  than 4 ha and they cultivate nearly 55 percent of
  the arable land and 1.6 of the farmers have
  operational land holdings gt 10 ha
• Several attempts have been made to delineate
  major agro-ecological regions in respect to
  soils, climate, physiographic and natural
  vegetation for macro-level planning on a more
  scientific basis .

4

• Due to the challenge of feeding our vast
  population and the experience of food shortages
  in the pre-independence era, 'self reliance' in
  food grains has been the cornerstone of our
  policies in the last 50 years.
• Agriculture is highly location-specific, grouping
  the available land area in the country into
  different agro-climatic regions based on certain
  identifiable characteristics becomes all the more
  important.
• This may help the country to engage in more
  rational planning and optimizing resource use for
  the present and in preserving them for the future

5
Planning of the ACZ of India

• A. Agro-ecological regions by the ICAR.
• B. Agro-climatic regions by the Planning
  Commission.
• C. Agro-climatic zones under NARP.
• D. Agro-ecological regions by the NBSS LUP

6
What is ACZ actually ?

• An Agro-climatic zone is a land unit in terms
  of major climates, suitable for a certain range
  of crops and cultivars. The planning aims at
  scientific management of regional resources to
  meet the food, fiber, fodder and fuel wood
  without adversely affecting the status of natural
  resources and environment. Crop yield is (FAO,
  1983).

7

• The function of many factors like weather, soil
  type and its nutrient status, management
  practices and other inputs available .
• This calls for collection, collation, analysis
  and interpretation of long-term weather
  parameters available for each region to identify
  the length of the possible cropping period taking
  into consideration the availability of water .
• An appropriate mix of crop production and allied
  activities including horticulture, forestry,
  animal husbandry and agro-processing etc.
  improved farming systems technologies will
  replace traditional crop production approach to
  minimize regional variations in rural incomes.

8

• Previously on the basis of homogeneity in
  agro-characteristics such as water surplus and
  water deficit, India was divided into 11
  agro-climatic zones.
• Later on it was divided into 15 agro-climatic
  zones on the basis of water surplus and deficit
  and cropping system.
• Agro-ecological regions is a land unit cut out of
  the agro climatic region when superimposed on
  land form and the kind of soils and soil
  conditions that acts as modifiers to the climate
  and the length of the growing period.
• The classification is on the basis of growth
  period , rainfall/potential evaporation and soil.

9
There are two components of ecological zones-

• 1 Biotic factors viz,Flora and Fauna .
• 2 Abiotic factors viz. water , minerals , light
• Note At present India has been divided into 21
  agro-ecological zones .

10
. Agro-climatic regions by the Planning
Commission

• The Planning Commission, as a result of the
  mid-term appraisal of the planning targets of the
  Seventh Plan, has divided the country into
  fifteen broad agro-climatic zones based on
  physiography, soils, geological formation,
  

-Climate, cropping patterns, and development of
irrigation and mineral resources for broad
agricultural planning and developing future
strategies
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
Western Himalayan RegionDemarcated into three
states (not exhaustively) JK, HP, UP,
Uttranchal.

• Average max. temp. (ºC) Summer 22.6
• Average min. temp. (ºC) Winter 2.6
• Avg. seasonal rainfall (mm)1650-2000mm
• ClimateCool and humid
• irrigation methodBorder strip and wild flooding
• Soil type( Any special soil condition or other a
  biotic limitation) Brown hill alluvial (recent),
  mountain, meadow, skeletal.
• Constraints in the regionSoil erosion, slides
  and slips.
• Important cropsWheat, Maize, Paddy and Potato.
• Cropping systems subsistence or commercial
  mostly having Rice-wheat, maize-wheat,
  vegetables-wheat
• Common pests Pests like Stem borers, aphids, are
  mostly prevalent in the area.

19
To develop this region emphasis is on (FAO
Guideline)

• -Intensification of the soil and water
  conservation planning.-Land utility planning
  should be implemented viz. agriculture for 30
  sloppy land, horticulture for 30-50 slope, paddy
  for above 50 slope.-Good storage for
  transportation, marketing and processing.-Irrigat
  ion management like water harvesting
  technique.-Livestock management. Some research
  institutes in the region
• Forest research institute, Deheradun
• -Vivekananda Parvitaya Annushandhanshala , Almora
  , Uttranchal
• -Potato breeding and certification station,
  Shimla
• The first agriculture University of India GBPUAT,
  Pantnagar is situated in this area. It caters to
  the need of the farmers.

20
Eastern Himalayan RegionThis region includes the
states like Assam Sikkim, W.Bengal all
North-Eastern states.

• Average max. temp. (ºC) Summer 22.2
• Average min. temp. (ºC) Winter 8.8
• Avg. seasonal rainfall (mm)1840-3528mm
• ClimateHumid and sub- humid
• Average methodCanals are the source and farmers
  irrigate by either border strip or wild flooding.
• Soil type Any special soil condition or other
  abiotic limitation Alluvial, red loamy, red
  sandy, brown hill soil, soil erosion, flash
  floods, steep slopes, denudation and degradation
• Important cropsMaize, Paddy, Jute, Rapeseed.
• Cropping systems subsistence or
  commercial(Rice-vegetables, rice-wheat,
  rice-rice, jute-wheat.
• ConstraintsSloppy terrain and rocky topography
  and traditional ways of cultivation like Jhoom
  cultivation and shifting cultivation leads to the
  low productivity of these regions .
• Common Pests like Stem borers, aphids and thrips
  are serious.

21
FAO guidelines for improvement of this region

• Soil and water conservation for each watershed.
• Educate the people about the harmful effect of
  land erosion at Panchayat level.
• Facilities of good supply of inputs, marketing
  transportation, processing and storage.
• Adoption of Integrated Farming system because of
  different dietary pattern of local people
• Good communication and transport facility.

22
Lower Gangetic Plains RegionIt includes the
areas of W.Bengal and adjoining regions

• Avg. max.temp. (ºC) Summer 35.5
• Avg. min. temp. (ºC) Winter 11.0
• Avg. seasonal rainfall (mm)1302-1607mm
• ClimateMoist humid and dry humid
• irrigation methodCanals and ground water are the
  water sources and irrigate by either border strip
  and wild flooding
• Soil type Any special soil condition and yellow
  Deltaic. orRed .
• other abiotic limitation- Soil erosion and
  degradation, soil salinity and alkalinity
• Important crops-Rice, Wheat, Rapeseed, Maize and
  Potato
• Cropping systems subsistence or
  commercial-Rice-mustard, Pulses-wheat,Rice-vegetab
  les, rice-wheat, rice potato, rice-wheat-summer
  rice
• Common pests and treatmentPests like Stem borers,
  aphids , Gundhi bug and case worm are prevalent.

23

• Some of the pioneer institute in the regions are
  
• -Pioneer institute in fiber crop is -Jute
  technical research institute, kolkata.
• -Central inland fisheries research institute,
  Barrackpore, W. bengal
• This region is highly productive in the paddy
  cultivation as it comes under the lowest
  Gangentic belt

24
Middle Gangetic Plains Region It includes the
regions like UP, Bihar.

• Avg. max. temp. (ºC) Summer 30.5
• Avg. min. temp. (ºC) Winter 16.8
• Avg. seasonal rainfall (mm)1211-1470mm
• ClimateMoist sub- humid to dry sub- humid
• irrigation method-Canals and ground water are
  the water sources and irrigate by either border
  strip or wild flooding.
• Soil type. Any special soil like Alluvial
• condition or other Abiotic limitation Floods.
• Important crops-Sugarcane, Paddy, Maize, Wheat
• Cropping systems subsistence or
  commercial-Rice-wheat, rice-fallow, maize-wheat,
  rice-lentil, rice-vegetables, rice-wheat-sugar
  cane-ratoon-wheat/rice
• Common Pests shoot borer, root borer, aphids,
  Temites, Rice weevil are prevalent.

25
Some major institutes are

• Indian grass land and forst research institute,
  Jhansi, UP.
• -Indian institute of sugarcane research, Lucknow,
  UP.
• -Indian vegetables research institute, Varanasi ,
  UP

26
Upper Gangetic Plains RegionIt includes the
regions of Uttar Pradesh and adjoining regions.

• Avg. max. temp. (ºC) Summer 35.8
• Avg. min. temp. (ºC) Winter12.8
• Avg. seasonal rainfall (mm)721-979mm
• ClimateDry sub- humid to sub dry climate
• irrigation methodCanals and ground water are the
  water sources and irrigated by either border
  strip or wild flooding.
• Soil type.Alluvial
• Important cropsRice, Wheat , Maize and Sugarcane
• Cropping systems subsistence or commercial
• Rice-wheat, sugar cane-wheat, maize-wheat, pearl
  millet-wheat
• Common pests-Pests like Stem borers, aphids,
  Termites Rice weevil, Gundhi bug and various
  other diseases are prevalent.

27
Trans-Gangetic Plains Region It includes the
regions of Panjab, Haryana, Delhi Rajasthan.

• Avg. max. temp. (ºC) Summer33.5
• Avg min. temp. (ºC) Winter14.0
• Avg. seasonal rainfall (mm)1100-1300mm
• Irrigation methodCanals and ground water are the
  water sources and irrigate by either border strip
  or wild
• Any special soil condition or other abiotic
  limitationAlluvial (recent), calcarious, desert,
  water logging, salinity and floods.
• Cropping systems subsistence or
  commercial-Rice-wheat, maize-wheat,
  maize-potato-wheat, cotton-wheat, sugar
  cane-wheat.
• Common pests like Stem borers, root borer,
  aphids, golden nematodes and beetle are
  prevalent.
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  ----
• IARI Indian ag. Research institute
• Central Institute of post harvest engineering and
  technology, ludhiana,
• Soil salinity and research institute, karnal

28
Eastern Plateau and Hills RegionIt includes the
regions like UP, Orissa W.Bengal

• Avg. max.temp. (ºC) Summer 32
• Avg. min temp. (ºC) Winter 19.7
• Avg. seasonal rainfall (mm)1000-1050mm
• irrigation method-Tube wells and tanks are the
  water sources and irrigate by either border strip
  and wild flooding.
• Any special soil condition or other a biotic
  limitation-Red Shallow soils with undulating
  topography.
• Cropping systems subsistence or
  commercial-Rice-fallow, rice-linseed/lentil,
  rice-horsegram /greengram. Rice-wheat,
  rice-mustard.
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------
• Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi, Jharkhand

29
Central Plateau and Hills RegionMP, Rajasthan,
UP comes under this zone

• Avg. max. temp. (ºC) Summer 34.8
• Avg. min. temp. (ºC) Winter16.3
• Avg. seasonal rainfall (mm)
• irrigation method-Tube wells and tanks are the
  water sources and irrigate by either border strip
  or wild flooding.
• Name of important cropsJowar , bajra , paddy
  and wheat
• Soil type. Mixed red and black, red and yellow,
  medium black, alluvial.
• Any special soil condition or other abiotic
  limitation- Ravinous lands and soil erosion.
• Cropping systems subsistence or commercial,
  Fallow-wheat, fallow-mustard, fallow-gram
  -Soybean-wheat, rice-wheat.
• Common pests and treatmentPests like cut worm ,
  borer (root and shoot)and sucking pests are
  prevalent

30
Western Plateau and Hills RegionMaharastra, MP
Rajasthan

• Avg. max. temp. (ºC) Summer 36.8
• Avg. min. temp. (ºC) Winter16.6
• Average seasonal rainfall (mm)600-1000
• irrigation method-Tube wells and tanks are the
  water sources and irrigate by either border strip
  or wild flooding.
• Soil type. medium to deep black soils.
• Cropping systems subsistence or
  commercial-Cotton-pigeonpea, pearlmillet-sorghum,
  sorghum-wheat, pearmillet-wheat.
  Soybean-wheat/gram, rice-wheat.
• Common pests Bollworm, aphids and thrips and
  different borers are also prevalent
• Development strategy-Management of minor
  irrigation.
• Cotton Technological Research Institute, Mumbai
  (Maharashtra)
• National research centre for grapes
  ,Pune,Maharashtra.

31
Southern Plateau and Hills RegionAP, Karnatak,
Tamil Nadu

• Avg. max. temp. (ºC) Summer 34.7
• Avg. min. temp. (ºC) Winter21.3
• Avg. seasonal rainfall (mm)650-1000
• irrigation method-Tube wells and tanks are the
  water sources and irrigate by either border strip
  or wild flooding.
• Soil special -Medium to deep black soils, red
  sandy, and red loamy.
• Cropping systems subsistence or commercial
  Rice-pulses and rice-fallow. Rice-rice, Sugar
  cane and rice-ground nut.
• --------------------------------------------------
  ---------------
• Central tobacco research institute ,
  Rajhamundhary,AP
• -Directorate of rice research ,Hyd,AP

32
East Coast Plains and Hills RegionThis includes
the regions like Orissa, AP, TN, Pondicherii

• Avg. max. temp. (ºC) Summer 36.8
• Avg. min temp. (ºC) Winter17.2
• Avg. seasonal rainfall (mm)780-1287mm
• ClimateSemi-arid and dry sub-humid climate
• irrigation methodTube wells and tanks are the
  water sources.
• Soil type Red soil and mixed black, yellow, red
  sandy, laterite, and alluvial soils
• Important cropsJower, Bajra, Groundnut, Rice and
  Ragi.
• Rich forest wealth is an asset, and shifting
  cultivation, soil salinity and acidity are the
  major constraints.
• Central rice research institute ,Cuttuck , Orissa

33
West Coast Plains and Ghat Region TN, Kerala,
Goa, Karnataka, Maharastra

• The physiographic features are Western Ghats,
  plateau, river valleys, undulating rocky plains,
  and coastal plains. The western ghats is humid
  and the rest of the area is semi-arid.
• The rainfall 60 to 200 cm.
• Major soil groups black, red, lateritic, and
  alluvial. Rich forest wealth and Western Ghats
  suitable for plantation crops are the main
  assets.
• Dry farming is prevalent and -a considerable area
  is irrigated through wells, tanks and rivers.
• -Salinity, alkalinity, erosion, and acidity are
  the major problems.
• Average maximum temperature (ºC) Summer40.0
• Average minimum temperature (ºC) Winter11.3
• Average seasonal rainfall (mm)600-2000Soil type.

34

• Any special soil condition or other abiotic
  limitation-Deep black, coastal alluvial, and
  medium deep black
• Cropping systems subsistence or commercial Rice.
  Wheat is taken after ground nut/pearl millet/rice
• sugarcane breeding research institute,
  Coimbatore, TN central coffee research institute
  ,Chikmanglur, Kar.indian institute of
  horticulture research, Banglore

35
Gujarat Plains and Hills Region

• This region is exclusive to Gujarat. The
  following are the characteristics
• Average maximum temperature (ºC) Summer40.0
• Average minimum temperature (ºC) Winter11.3
• Average seasonal rainfall (mm)1000-1100mm
• Soil typeDeep black to medium deep black
• Cropping systems subsistence or commercial
  Groundnut and different types of millets
• National research centre for groundnut,Junagarh

36
Western Dry RegionRajasthan comes under this zone

• Average maximum temperature (ºC) Summer42
• Average minimum temperature (ºC) Winter2
• Average seasonal rainfall (mm)600mm
• Soil type, Any special soil condition or other
  abiotic limitation-Desert, Gray brown soils
• Cropping systems subsistence or commercialPearl
  millet-fallow, cluster bean-fallow, Kharif
  pulses-fallow And rotation with Cotton-wheat,
  Pearlmillet-wheat.
• 
  
• -Central arid zone research institute, Jodhpur
• -Central institute for arid horticulture,Bikaner
• To develop this region emphasis is on
• Rain water harvesting and its management
• Dryland farming and management canal and ground
  water
• Development of agro-forestry and arid-
  horticulture

37
The Islands RegionIt comprises the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands in the East and Lakshadweep in
the West

• The climate is typified by tropical conditions
  and the rainfall ranges from 1600 to 3000 mm.
• The soils of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are
  medium to very deep, red loamy and acidic, and
  that of the Lakshadweep Islands are highly
  calcareous and sandy.
• Most of the area is under forest and the land use
  is dominated by plantation crops.
• Forest degradation leading to severe erosion and
  inundation of coastal areas leading to saline
  marshes are the major constraints.
• It has greater potential for growing sustainable
  oil palm plantations.
• Average maximum temperature (ºC) Summer22.8
• Average minimum temperature (ºC) Winter14.6
• Average seasonal rainfall (mm)1600-3000mm
• ClimatehumidImportant cropsRice and Cocunut.
• Central agriculture research institute ,
  Portblair is the major research institute of the
  zone.

38
Conclusion

• Historically, regions were often associated with
  the crops in which they specialize for various
  agronomic, climatic, hydro-geological, . But, in
  the aftermath of technological changes
  encompassing bio-chemical and irrigation
  technologies, the agronomic niches are undergoing
  significant changes.
• With the advent new farm technologies,
  agriculture become drought proof and growth
  become more regionally balanced.
• There has been a reduction in the instability of
  agricultural output
• it can be said that however hard we try to
  implement the changes in the cropping pattern and
  other structural changes , the factor of
  agro-climatic conditions ,perse, cannot be
  ignored.

39

• Presented by
• Deepak Jangid16
• Jayalakshmi 21
• PGPRM-I