Skeletal System

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Skeletal System Bone Identification

• Forensic Science 2

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The Role of Skeleton

• Bones are the organs of the skeletal system
• It provides support for the body
• It protects certain body organs (heart, lungs,
  etc)
• Bones also make blood cells for the body, this is
  called bone marrow
• Bone also stores calcium
• Bones also provide a place for your muscles to
  attach

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Bones in the Skeleton

• There are 206 bones in the adult human body
• Babies and children have a few more bones than
  adults
• Bones have medical names, but also have common
  names

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Some Bones in the Skeleton

• Upper Body Bones
• Cranium (skull)
• Mandible (jaw)
• Clavicle (collar bone)
• Scapula (shoulder)
• Sternum (breastbone)
• Humorous
• Ulna and radius
• Ribs
• Vertebrae (backbone)
• Phalanges (fingers)

• Lower Body Bones
• Ilium, Sacrum, Ischium (pelvis)
• Femur (thigh)
• Patella (kneecap)
• Fibula/Tibia (shins)
• Tarsals (ankle)
• Phalanges (toes

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Bone Growth Structure

• Bones are made of cells (like all organs)
• Bone-forming cells are called osteoblasts
• As you grow your bone cells divide (using
  mitosis) to get longer and stronger
• There are two types of bone tissue
• Solid/Compact bone hard and compact part of the
  bone
• Spongy bone empty space in bones, usually fond
  near the ends of the bone, stores calcium

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Bone Growth Structure

• Types of bones
• Long bones longer than they are wide
• Short bones generally cube-shaped
• Flat bones thin, flat and usually curved
• Irregular bones do not fit into any of the above
  categories

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Bone Structure

• Other Types of Bone Tissue
• Ligaments tough fibers that holds bone together,
  usually found at joints
• Joints where bones come together, hinge joints,
  ball and socket joints, fixed joints, pivot joints

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Joints
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Fractures

• Comminuted the bone breaks into many parts
• Compression the bone is crushed
• Depressed the fracture is pressed inward
• Impacted the bone ends are forced into each
  other
• Spiral occurs when excessive twisting force is
  applied
• Greenstick incomplete break
• Compound the bone breaks through the skin

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Fractures

• Comminuted are more common in the aged, whose
  bones are brittle
• Depressed are typical skull fractures
• Impact are common with falls
• Greenstick are common in children whose bones are
  more flexible

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Evidence from Bones

• Age at death in children (harder with adults)
• Sex can only be estimated in the adult skeleton
  (because of the pelvis)
• Previous injuries
• Sometimes chronic infections such as leprosy,
  syphilis and tuberculosis