Human Body Systems:

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Human Body Systems

• Major Structures

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Digestive System

• anus - the opening at the end of the digestive
  system from which feces exit the body.appendix -
  a small sac located near the start of the large
  intestine.esophagus - the long tube between the
  mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle
  movements (called peristalsis) to force food from
  the throat into the stomach.gall bladder - a
  small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. It
  stores and releases bile (a digestive chemical
  which is produced in the liver) into the small
  intestine.large intestine - the long, wide tube
  that food goes through after it goes theough the
  small intestine.liver - a large organ located
  above and in front of the stomach. It filters
  toxins from the blood, and makes bile (which
  breaks down fats) and some blood proteins.mouth
  - the first part of the digestive system, where
  food enters the body. Chewing and salivary
  enzymes in the mouth are the beginning of the
  digestive process (breaking down the
  food).pancreas - an enzyme-producing gland
  located below the stomach and above the
  intestines. Enzymes from the pancreas help in the
  digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in
  the small intestine.rectum - the lower part of
  the large intestine, where feces are stored
  before they are excreted from the body.small
  intestine - the long, thin winding tube that food
  goes through after it leaves the stomach.stomach
  - a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to
  the esophagus. When food enters the stomach, it
  is churned in an acid bath

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Heart Glossary

• aorta - the biggest and longest artery (a blood
  vessel carrying blood away from the heart) in the
  body. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the left
  ventricle of the heart to the body. inferior vena
  cava - a large vein (a blood vessel carrying
  blood to the heart) that carries oxygen-poor
  blood to the right atrium from the lower half of
  the body.
• left atrium - the left upper chamber of the
  heart. It receives oxygen-rich blood from the
  lungs via the pulmonary vein.
• left ventricle - the left lower chamber of the
  heart. It pumps the blood through the aortic
  valve into the aorta.
• mitral valve - the valve between the left atrium
  and the left ventricle. It prevents the back-flow
  of blood from the ventricle to the atrium.
• pulmonary artery - the blood vessel that carries
  oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the
  heart to the lungs.
• pulmonary valve - the flaps between the right
  ventricle and the pulmonary artery. When the
  ventricle contracts, the valve opens, causing
  blood to rush into the pulmonary artery. When the
  ventricle relaxes, the valves close, preventing
  the back-flow of blood from the pulmonary artery
  to the right atrium.
• pulmonary vein - the blood vessel that carries
  oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left
  atrium of the heart.
• right atrium - the right upper chamber of the
  heart. It receives oxygen-poor blood from the
  body through the inferior vena cava and the
  superior vena cava.
• right ventricle - the right lower chamber of the
  heart. It pumps the blood into the pulmonary
  artery.
• septum - the muscular wall that separates the
  left and right sides of the heart.
• superior vena cava - a large vein that carries
  oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium from the
  upper parts of the body.
• tricuspid valve - the flaps between the right
  atrium and the right ventricle. It is composed of
  three leaf-like parts and prevents the back-flow
  of blood from the ventricle to the atrium.

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Brain Glossary

• Cerebellum - the part of the brain below the back
  of the cerebrum. It regulates balance, posture,
  movement, and muscle coordination.Corpus
  Callosum - a large bundle of nerve fibers that
  connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
  In the lateral section, it looks a bit like a "C"
  on its side.Frontal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the
  top, front regions of each of the cerebral
  hemispheres. They are used for reasoning,
  emotions, judgment, and voluntary
  movement.Medulla Oblongata - the lowest section
  of the brainstem (at the top end of the spinal
  cord) it controls automatic functions including
  heartbeat, breathing, etc.Occipital Lobe of the
  Cerebrum - the region at the back of each
  cerebral hemisphere that contains the centers of
  vision and reading ability (located at the back
  of the head).Parietal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the
  middle lobe of each cerebral hemisphere between
  the frontal and occipital lobes it contains
  important sensory centers (located at the upper
  rear of the head).Pituitary Gland - a gland
  attached to the base of the brain (located
  between the Pons and the Corpus Callosum) that
  secretes hormones.Pons - the part of the
  brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the
  cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the
  cerebellum. It is located just above the Medulla
  Oblongata.Spinal Cord - a thick bundle of nerve
  fibers that runs from the base of the brain to
  the hip area, running through the spine
  (vertebrae).Temporal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the
  region at the lower side of each cerebral
  hemisphere contains centers of hearing and
  memory (located at the sides of the head).

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A ______________
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Neuron Glossary

• axon - the long extension of a neuron that
  carries nerve impulses away from the body of the
  cell. axon terminals - the hair-like ends of the
  axon
• cell body - the cell body of the neuron it
  contains the nucleus (also called the soma)
  dendrites - the branching structure of a neuron
  that receives messages (attached to the cell
  body) myelin sheath - the fatty substance that
  surrounds and protects some nerve fibers node of
  Ranvier - one of the many gaps in the myelin
  sheath - this is where the action potential
  occurs during saltatory conduction along the axon
  
• nucleus - the organelle in the cell body of the
  neuron that contains the genetic material of the
  cell Schwann's cells - cells that produce myelin
  - they are located within the myelin sheath.

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Integumentary Glossary

• blood vessels - Tubes that carry blood as it
  circulates. Arteries bring oxygenated blood from
  the heart and lungs veins return oxygen-depleted
  blood back to the heart and lungs.dermis - (also
  called the cutis) the layer of the skin just
  beneath the epidermis.epidermis - the outer
  layer of the skin.hair follicle - a tube-shaped
  sheath that surrounds the part of the hair that
  is under the skin. It is located in the epidermis
  and the dermis. The hair is nourished by the
  follicle at its base (this is also where the hair
  grows).hair shaft - The part of the hair that is
  above the skin.hair erector muscle - a muscle is
  connected to each hair follicle and the skin - it
  contracts (in response to cold, fear, etc.),
  resulting in an erect hair and a
  "goosebump."melanocyte - a cell in the epidermis
  that produces melanin (a dark-colored pigment
  that protects the skin from sunlight).Pacinian
  corpuscle - nerve receptors that respond to
  pressure and vibration they are oval capsules of
  sensory nerve fibers located in the subcutaneous
  fatty tissuesebaceous gland - a small,
  sack-shaped gland that releases oily (fatty)
  liquids onto the hair follicle (the oil
  lubricated and softens the skin). These glands
  are located in the dermis, usually next to hair
  follicles.sweat gland - (also called
  sudoriferous gland) a tube-shaped gland that
  produces perspiration (sweat). The gland is
  located in the epidermis it releases sweat onto
  the skin.subcutaneous tissue - fatty tissue
  located under the dermis.

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Skeletal Glossary

• 7 cervical vertebrae - 7 vertebrae located in the
  neck, below the skull. coccyx - 4 fused
  vertebrae located below the sacrum. 5 lumbar
  vertebrae - 5 vertebrae located below the
  thoracic vertebra and above the sacrum. sacrum -
  5 fused vertebrae located below the lumbar region
  and above the coccyx. skull - the bones in the
  head that protect the brain. 12 thoracic
  vertebrae - 12 vertebrae in the mid-back, below
  the cervical vertebra and above the lumbar
  vertebrae.

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Respiratory Glossary

• bronchial tree - the system of airways within the
  lungs, which bring air from the trachea to the
  lung's tiny air sacs (alveoli).cardiac notch -
  the indentation in the left lung that provides
  room for the heart.diaphragm - a muscular
  membrane under the lungs.larynx - a muscular
  structure at the top of the trachea, containing
  the vocal cords.left inferior lobe - the bottom
  lobe of the lung on the left side of the
  body.left superior lobe - the top lobe of the
  lung on the left side of the body.right inferior
  lobe - the bottom lobe of the lung on the right
  side of the body.right middle lobe - the middle
  lobe of the lung on the right side of the
  body.right superior lobe - the top lobe of the
  lung on the right side of the body.trachea
  (windpipe) - the tube through which air travels
  from the larynx to the lungs.

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Urinary Glossary

• bladder - a hollow organ that stores urine until
  it is excreted. kidney - two bean-shaped organs
  that take waste from the blood and produce urine.
  ureter - two tubes, each of which carries urine
  from a kidney to the bladder. urethra - the tube
  that carries urine from the bladder out of the
  body.

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