Stereotyping,%20Prejudice%20and%20Discrimination

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• Gordon Allport (1954)
• An adequate definition of prejudice must include
  two essential elements
• Attitude - favor or disfavor
• Belief - based on overgeneralization or
  erroneous info

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination
Walter Lippman (1922) Labeled beliefs as
stereotypes PICTURES IN OUR HEADS That are
fixed or unchanging and are the same image every
time. What each does is based not on direct and
certain knowledge but pictures made by the
self. Peoples experiences and perspectives color
the landscape of their beliefs and navigate their
social world
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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination
DEFINITION OF STEREOTYPES Beliefs and opinions
about characteristics , attributes, and behaviors
of members of various groups.
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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• KEY ASPECTS OF STEREOTYPES
• Pictures in individuals heads
• Shared beliefs that are part of cultures
• Are typically group consensus
• People learn stereotypes from
• Media, peers, parents
• Classical and modern literature
• Gather information by observing the world

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• KEY ASPECTS OF STEREOTYPES
• Can be accurate or inaccurate
• A Kernel of Truth
• Descriptive (believed to be) and prescriptive
  (should be like)
• Can be positive or negative

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• DEFINITION OF PREJUDICE
• An attitude directed toward people because they
  are members of a specific social group
• The affect or emotion a person feels when
  thinking about or interacting with members of
  other groups

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• DEFINITION OF ATTITUDE
• Attitudes are evaluations of an entire social
  group or of individuals because they are members
  of that group
• Reaction to general social category
• Can be positive or negative
• Positive attitude is considered bias in favor of
  ones own group

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• EVAULATION OF SOCIAL GROUPS
• Strongly related to how a person treats those
  group members
• May stem from purely emotional or gut reactions
  to a social group as a whole or to an individual
  member of group.

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
• Can be positive or negative or a mixture of both
• Mixed reactionspeople can have an ambivalent
  emotional response
• Can come from a group feeling threaten by another
  social group (experience fear, anxiety, or
  hostility)
• Or perceived to interfere with the goals of ones
  own group--competition

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• DEFINITION OF DISCRIMINATION
• Treating people differently from others based
  primarily on membership in a social group
• OR
• Results in someones being treated more
  positively than he or she otherwise would be
  based on group membership (Positive)

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• VIEWS OF DISCRIMINATION
• Interpersonal DiscriminationOne person treats
  another unfairly because of persons group
  membership. Resulting from,
• Stereotypic beliefs
• Evaluations of a groups
• Or combination of both that results in
  differential treatment of that person
• Leads people to behave in ways implying own group
  superior to other groups

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• VIEWS OF DISCRIMINATION
• Institutional DiscriminationInstitutions or
  governing bodies sanction beliefs about group
  superiority
• Occurs in subtle ways
• Overt practices giving one group advantage over
  others by limiting their choices, rights,
  mobility, or access to information

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• VIEWS OF DISCRIMINATION
• Cultural DiscriminationWithin a culture, one
  group retains the power to define cultural values
  as well as the form those values should take
• Maintaining dominance over other groups by
  rewarding those values that correspond to its
  views and punishing those values that do not.
• Minority ethnic groups and their cultural
  heritage are marginalized
• Characteristics and contributions of the dominant
  group are valued, not those of minority ethnic
  groups

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• VIEWS OF DISCRIMINATION
• Institutional and cultural discrimination are
  both difficult to see and sometimes their
  existence is difficulty to accept.

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• Relationships
• People can access stereotypic beliefs without
  awareness
• Such beliefs influence behavior even of people
  low in prejudice
• Implicit prejudicesreaction toward groups or
  individuals outside conscious awareness
• Explicit prejudicesattitudes that people are
  aware of and can easily control

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• ISMSRacism, sexism, ageismsynonyms for
  prejudice
• Belief system or ideology based on group
  superiority and domination
• Set of behaviors reflecting that belief system

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination
ISMS Characteristics Desire to dominate and
control members of other racial groups Power to
define categories Establish and enforce
race-based social norms and laws
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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• ISMS
• Characteristics
• Belief in the biologically based, superiority of
  the groupmoral and intellectual terms
• Reflected in behavior
• Behavior on part of members of group in power
  that demeans or harasses members of other group

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Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

• ISMS
• Combine prejudice with a group-centered worldview
  that emphasizes the superiority of ones own
  group over others.
• Reflective in
• Laws
• Social customs
• Attempt to scientifically prove its validity