Title: Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
1Chapter 11 Stereotyping, Prejudice, and
Discrimination
- Social Psychology by Tom Giliovich, Dacher
Keltner, and Richard Nisbett
2Characterizing Intergroup Bias
- Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are
thought to be characteristic of members of
particular groups -
- Prejudice - a negative attitude or affective
response toward a certain group and its
individual members - Discrimination - unfair treatment of members of a
particular group based on their membership in
that group
3Sources of Prejudice
- Social Sources
- Unequal Status
- Social Identity
- Cognitive Sources
- Stereotypes
- Perceived Similarities and Differences
- Illusory Correlation
4Social Sources of Prejudice
- Unequal Status
- realistic conflict theory - direct competition
between groups over valued resources (jobs,
schools) - Robbers Cave Experiment
- Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
5Racial Violence and Economic Conditions
6Frustration During Exercise
Back
7Social Sources of Prejudice
- Social Identity
- social categorization- divide world into in-group
(us) and out-group (them) - in-group bias- view own group more favorably
- Bele You're finished Lokai. Oh, we got your kind
penned in on Cheron in a little district. And
it's not going to change. You half-white.Lokai
You half-black.
8In-Group Bias from Exercise
9Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
- prejudice is by-product of our thinking
processes - stereotypes- sweeping generalizations of social
groups - influence social thought by
- process information consistent with stereotype
quicker - focus on information consistent with stereotype
- use tacit inferences to make inconsistent
information appear consistent
10Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
- out-group homogeneity
- out-group members seen as more alike
- in-group differentiation
- in-group members seen as more diverse
(heterogeneous) - illusory correlations
- overestimating rates of negative behavior in
minority groups
11Out-Group Homogeneity
12Discrimination
- Discrimination- negative behaviors directed
toward members of some social group - subtle forms
- tokenism- perform trivial actions for minorities
- reverse discrimination- leaning over backwards to
treat targets of prejudice favorably - modern racism
13Characterizing Intergroup Bias
- 1. Modern Racism and Sexism
- Modern racism - prejudice directed at other
racial groups that exists alongside a rejection
of explicitly racist beliefs - a. Benevolent Racism and Sexism
14Characterizing Intergroup Bias
- 2. Measures to Assess True Attitudes
- a. Implicit Association Test (IAT)
- technique for revealing unconscious prejudices
toward particular groups - b. Priming and Implicit Prejudice
- Priming - procedure used to increase the
accessibility of a concept or schema (for
example, a stereotype)
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17Implicit Attitudes
- Are automatically activated evaluations outside
of a persons awareness (unconscious) - Formed slowly through experience
- Very resistant to extinction
- Changing implicit attitudes
- Can be changed without subjects conscious
awareness - Prime subjects with counterstereotypes
18Being a Member of a Stigmatized Group
- 1. Attributional Ambiguity
- 2. Stereotype Threat
- - fear that one will confirm the stereotypes
that others have regarding some salient group of
which one is a member
19Reducing Prejudice
- Social Learning
- teach parents to socialize children to be
tolerant - Increase intergroup contact
- contact must involve cooperation and
interdependence - norms favoring group equality must exist
- focus on individual-based (vs. category)
processing - Extended Contact Hypothesis
- knowing that members of in-group have formed
friendships with out-group members may reduce
prejudice
20Reducing Prejudice (cont)
- Have groups work on superordinate goals
- Focus on similarities between in-group and
nonthreatening out-group - Recategorization
- reset boundaries between us and them, so
former out-group is now included in in-group - Focus on others specific traits and outcomes
(attribute-driven processing) rather than on
group stereotypes (category-driven processing)
21Study Smarter Student Website
- http//www.wwnorton.com/socialpsych
- Chapter Reviews
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