Race%20and%20Ethnicity

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Race and Ethnicity

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AGENDA

1. DEFINITIONS RACE vs. ETHNICITY
2. ETHNIC SOCIALIZATION
3. ETHNIC HISTORY IN CANADA

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• DEFINITIONS-

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Race and racism defined

• A race is a group that is treated as distinct in
  society based on certain PHYSICAL
  characteristics.
• RACISM groups labeled as inferior by powerful
  groups in society,
• Racialization is when a race is singled out for
  differential and unfair treatment.

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Race and Ethnicity

• RACIAL GROUPS- FOUR OR FIVE IN THE WORLD
• GROUP IDENTIFIED BY PHYSICAL FEATURES
• NEGROIDltCAUCASOIDltMONGOLOIDgtAUSTROLOIDgtMAYLA
• ETHNIC GROUPS hundreds in the worldMany
  cultural categories

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Ethnicity

• Term has its roots in the Greek word ethnos
  meaning people. (We the people)
• Ancient Greeks associate cohesive groups of
  people formed on the basis of kinship as Tribe or
  Race.
• Ethnic groups were sub-divisions. Cohesive
  groups.

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Theodorson and Theodorson1975

• Defines ethnic groups as a collectives with
• 1. A common culture
• 2. A sense of identity -exists as a sub-
  group in a larger society.
•   3. Different cultural characteristics from
  members of the host society. 

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Minority Status

• Ethnic groups are often referred to as cultural
  minorities.
• Common cultural bond
• Sense of identification with and a sense
  belonging to the group
• The group views itself as minority
• DIFFERENT THAN the Host culturei.e. In Canada
  the Host culture is Anglo-European.

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Contexts

• Heterogenious/Homogenious
• Ethnicity is more significant within
  heterogeneous environments. Why?

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THE MAJORITY VS MINORITY

• IN MAJORITY CONTEXT , PEOPLE ARE LESS CONCERNED
  WITH THEIR SPECIFIC ETHNIC GROUP
• A MAJORITY FEEL LESS THREATENED BY OUTSIDERS
  .THEREFORE,
• A MAJORITY CULTURE THINKS LESS OF GROUP
  SOLIDARITY

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Cultural Bonds

• Unify ethnic groups. They include
• Language,
• religion,
• folkways and mores,
• styles of dress.

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Cultural Bonds

1. foods,
2. occupational specialization,
3. social values,
4. aesthetic standards

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• ETHNIC SOCIALIZATION
• F. Elkin (1964)

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ETHNIC SOCIALIZATIONIdentity and Ego 

• F. Elkin (1964) argues that children take on
  their racial/ethnic identity from the national
  collectivity from which their parents are
  members.

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Fred Elkin (1964)

• Any group interested in ensuring that its ethnic
  continuity is maintained, must explore
• 1. the strategic significance of family.
•  
• Family is inextricably linked to the vitality and
  persistence of ethnicity.
• 3. Family is the first line of defense against
  the corrosive processes of assimilation.
•  

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EGO EXTENSION

• Elkin (1964) claims that, the process is referred
  to as ego extension and is a fundamental part of
  the socialization process of children.

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ETHNIC SOCIALIZATION Ego Extension

• Within the context of family, the child undergoes
  a two pronged process of self-designation whereby
  they-
• 1. link themselves and their family
  to certain groups. 
• 2. set themselves family apart from
  Other groups. US vs. Them

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Awareness LEADS TO Identity

• The literature suggests that children are aware
  of their ethnicity at age 3 or 4.
• A childs sexual identity comes first followed by
  their ethnic identity. 
• A child's ethnic identity is firmly established
  by age 5 or 6. 

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Ethnic Awareness

• Children think of their ethnic identities at age
  5,
• first in terms of external attributes such as
• -festivals
• -language
• -special schools

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Ego Extention by 7 or 8yrs.

• 4 -belief systems
• 5-values
• 6-feelings of pride and attachment - they may
  find
• These feelings do not always correspond with
  the feelings of others. (insider
  and outsider)

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Ego extension

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• Ego extension leads to the varying ways in which
  individuals view the world.
• ETHNICITY BECOMES PART OF SELF

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Ego EXTENSION IS BOTH Affective and Cognitive

• Affectional (emotional), and cognitive awareness
  flourishes when the sentiments and emotions
  related to ethnicity becomes an entrenched layer
  the person's psychological make-up.
• Cognitive- thinking about self in regard to
  ethnicity.

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Ego extensionPride and Attachment beyond self
and family

• Where attacks on the person's group become
  personal attacks and when award upon the group
  become individual awards. Ie. Italian after
  winning the world cup.
• By the teens, ethnicity becomes a key layer of
  social identity.

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Canada

• Multidimensional in terms of ethnic patterns
• Uni-cultural-British, Anglo Saxon Dominance 1763
• Bicultural-French and English Charter groups
  1963-1968
• Multicultural-since 1972 Official..

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Canadian Uniculturalism

• Canada was never a melting pot Anglo Dominance
  combined with racism and nativism.
• However
• Postwar immigration,
• went far to change this.

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BR and Fr. Origins

• Of this population of about 22.4 million, nearly
  one-half (46), or about 10.3 million, reported
  only British Isles, French and/or Canadian ethnic
  or cultural origins.

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• CANADIAN ETHNIC ORIGINS
• STATISTICS CANADA 2001

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British ancestry.

• The largest proportion - 21 of the total
  population aged 15 years and older - was
  comprised of those of only British ancestry.

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FRENCH AND ENGLISH_FOUNDING CULTURES

• An additional 10 of the total population
  reported only French origins, including French
  Canadian 8 reported Canadian origins and 7
  had a mix of British, French and/or Canadian
  origins.

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Other Europeans.

• The next largest proportion of Canada's
  population was comprised of the descendants of
  other Europeans.
• About 4.3 million people, or about one-fifth
  (19) of those aged 15 and over, had only
  European ancestry (other than British and French
  origins).

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Non-European descent

• People of non-European descent accounted for 13
  of the population aged 15 and over,
  or 2.9 million.

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OTHER GROUPS

• The most frequent origins were Chinese and East
  Indian.
• (Non-Europeans have origins in places such as
  Asia, Africa, Central and South America, the
  Caribbean, Australia and Oceania.)

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Mixed ethnic heritages

• In addition, 22 of the population aged 15 and
  over, or 4.9 million, reported other mixed ethnic
  heritages, or did not know their ethnic ancestry.

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Stats. Can, NATIVE 2001 Population

• .3.7 percent of total population..
• (Stats. Can,)-Indians, Inuit, Metis
• 790,000 Indians, 515,000 Metis, 49,000 Inuit-

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• CANADAS ETHNIC
• HISTORY

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Canada Ethnic History in Brief

• Contact 1608-1763
• 350,000 Natives vs. 5000 Europeans
• Wilderness, Fur Trade
• Some trade, much claiming

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Pre-Confederation 1763-1867

• Plains of Abraham/La Survivance
• Two Solitudes
• Upper Canada and Lower Canada English
  Colonizers

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1867-1940s

• Post-Confederation/Western Settlement
• Influx of Russian, Ukranian, Chinese
• Chinese, Italian, Jewish in urban centers
• Anglo-centric Orange Order predominant

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Post World War Two

• Restrictions lifted
• More Italian, Jewish, Greek, Northern European
• Italians 731,000, Germans 1.3 million, 385,000
  Scand.
• Diversity in Population/Conformity and
  Assimilation govt policy

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Establishing the Mosaic

• 1960s
• -Introduction of the Points System
• -Open Immigration/ less Anglo-centric
• -RCBB- Bi Bi Commission,
• -Multicultural Official 1972

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Refocusing current

• Refocusing the Cultural Mosaic- 1988
  Multiculturalism Act
• Three levels of immigration -points, family
  reunification, refugee status
• Increasing numbers of visible minorities South
  Asia, Caribbean and Asia
• 250,000 immigrants per year

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R.C.B.B. 1963-1969

• The Royal Commission on Bi-lingualism and
  Bi-culturalism
• BOOK FOUR Canada by the other Canadians'.
•  Multicultural Act-an afterthought?

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Ethnic Change in Canada

• Canada enriched by the increasing amount of
  immigrants since WW2 (Richmond,1982)
• Canada has been described as a salad bowl
• Immigrants are working hard to carve out their
  place...
•  

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Summary

• The study race and ethnic relations is very
  significant in sociology
• Race, ethnicity are key forms of association
• Ethnicity is viewed differently depending on
  paradigms
• Canada relationship to ethnic groups captures by
  Uni-cultural, Bi-Cultural, Multicultural

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Polite racists. (Kallen, 1974)

• A study showed that people are 16 racist and 33
  percent somewhat racist.
• 51 percent of management in 199 large companies
  (N50) held negative views of people of colour.
  (Henry and Ginsberg, 1978)

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Polite racism.

• Racists are those who maintain a number of fixed
  ideas based upon insufficient or erroneous
  information.
• Polite Racist (see E. Kallen)

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Trudeau Quote

• "There cannot be one policy for Canadians of
  British origin or French origins, another for
  originals and yet a third for all others. (1971)

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• ETHNICITY AND RACE

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McCauley

• Nativism and Social Closure in International
  Journal of Comparative Sociology (1991)
• See website under personal background then
  publication.

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Myths About Immigrants

• Taking over the country? -NO
• Uneducated? -NO
• Stealing Jobs? -NO
• Uncultured?- NO
• Not to be trusted? NO 

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• THEORIES
• AND
• PARADIGMS

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Sociological Perspectives on Ethnicity

• Structural functionalism-racial and ethnic
  differences exist because they serve functions in
  society.
• Not all groups can be on top
• Key Concepts INTEGRATION, BELONGING, GROUP
  COHESIONgt
• Studies include, Durkheims Suicide
• J. Porters Vertical Mosaic

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Durkhiem, Suicide a Study of Social Forms (1897)

• When a group is in a minority situation the
  elements of group life become more pronounced.
•  
• Those of minority groups are less likely to
  commit suicide
• They are more integrated.

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Durkheims Theory of Suicide
High
egoistic and anomic suicide
altruistic suicide
Suicide rate
Low
High
Intermediate
Low
Social solidarity
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PORTER (1965) THE VERTICAL MOSAIC

• THE MOSAIC IS VERTICAL
• JEWISH AND ANGLO -ON TOP
• WHITE NORTHERN EUROPEANS -SECOND
• SOUTHERN EUROPEANS
• VISIBLE MINORITIES
• BLACK AND ABORIGNIAL -ON BOTTOM

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Conflict Theory

• Race and ethnicity disguise class conflict-
• EPI-PHENOMENON
• Racism is about on-going exploitation by those in
  power.
• Ie. CANADAS CPR See G. Kealey (1989)
• Ethnic groups, racial groups allow owners of the
  means of production to exploit certain groups of
  workers.

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Epiphenomenon

• Derived from Marxism
• Ethnicity is one aspect of exploitation of labour
  by the capitalist class.
• Ethnicity and race issues are bi-products of
  class relations and class conflict.

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Global Apartheid/Dependency Theory see Richmond
(1990)

• CAPITALISM PROMOTES
• Apartheid Separate neighbourhood
• First and Third World
• Poor and Rich Regions
• ScarcitySURPLUS VALUE

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Symbolic Interaction

• Interested in Ethnic Group Interaction
• Labelling-racial labels serve to include and
  exclude
• Label takes on Meaning as a relationship.
• Key Concepts Marginality,Webers SOCIAL CLOSURE

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Robert Park Marginal Man (1928)

• MARGINALITY-U of Chicago
• Minority groups feel marginalized from members of
  the host society.
• Neither insider nor outsider-dis-attachment.. A
  Stranger,

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SOCIAL CLOSURE Weber (1926)

• ETHNIC GROUPS CREATE STATUS HIERARCHIES
• ETHNIC GROUP USE SYMBOLS TO DEMONSTRATE
  SUPERIORITY
• SEE NATIVISM AND SOCIAL CLOSURE McCauley (1990)

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Paradigms for Race/Ethnic Studies

• Each perspective helps us understand race and
  ethnicity in unique ways.
• They are the ways of seeing for the
  sociologist
• All are useful.they each point to certain
  aspects of social reality in the area of race and
  ethnicity

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Daniel Bell

• Bell essay in Nathan Glazer's and Daniel Moynihan
  book, Ethnicity Theory and Experience, relates
  to the Canadian context.
• .

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Ethnicity in Canada

• Canada is one and at same time
• Uni-cultural
• Bi-cultural
• Multicultural
•  

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Racism

1. Begins with PHYSICAL MARKERS
2. BIOLOGY TURNS INTO IDEOLOGY
3. RACIAL FEATURES turn INTO STEREOTYPES PREJUDICE ,
   AND DISCRIMINATION
4. This is the Racialization of Racial Categories

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Stereotype

• Stereotypes-behaviours or tendencies attributed
  to an entire group.
• Stereotypes are maintained even after contrary
  evidence has been given.

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Prejudice

• Prejudice refers to an unsubstantiated negative
  prejudgement of individuals or groups
• Racial prejudice-physical markers
• Ethnic prejudice-cultural differences

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Discrimination

• Discrimination is the exclusion of individuals or
  groups from full participation in society
• Prejudice (an attitude) and discrimination
  (behaviour) are usually linked, but they are
  distinct phenomena.

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Merton, R.K. (1948). The Self-fulfilling
Prophecy

• Developed a typology of prejudice and
  discrimination.

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Mertons Typology

• Four logical relationships
• 1. Un-prejudice non -discriminators.
• 2. Prejudiced discriminators.
• 3. Unprejudiced discriminators.
• 4. Prejudiced non-discriminators

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Forms of Discrimination

1. Blatant OR overt
2. Structural
3. Legislative
4. Cultural

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1. Blatant or Overt-

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• To arbitrarily deny opportunities to members of
  ethnic groups whose qualifications are equal to
  members of the dominant group.

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2. Structural

• The impersonal perhaps unintentional operation
  of the Canadian social system.
• -The exclusion of members of some ethnic
  minorities from the full participation in public
  life.
• The unequal distribution of opportunities and
  rewards.
•  
•  
•  

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 3. Legislative discrimination

• -Specific laws enacted to exclude groups
• -Phased out after WW2 I.e Internment camps
• Yet until mid 1960's, some of Canadian
  immigration laws were racist.
• E.g. policies regarding aboriginal peoples have
  historically been paternalistic.

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4. Cultural Discrimination -

• Operates through the expectations of the dominant
  culture and its attempts at conformity in public
  life.
• Polite Racism-is embedded, subtle cultural
  discrimination
• .
•