American Foreign Diplomacy

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American Foreign Diplomacy

• Isolationism v. Internationalism
• U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s
  1930s
• U.S. found it difficult not to be involved in
  world affairs
• Tried to use diplomacy to promote world peace
• Encouraged world leaders to seek disarmament
  reducing the amount of weapons, soldiers,
  munitions in ones army

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Attempts to Maintain Peace

• Washington Naval Conference, 1921
• Included U.S., G.B., France, Japan, Italy
• Limited tonnage of ships
• Agreed to respect territorial rights
• Acceptance of Open Door Policy in China
• Kellogg-Briand Pact
• Outlawed war except in cases of self-defense
• Signed by 62 nations
• Proved unsuccessful when Japan invaded Manchuria
  in (1931)

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Dawes Plan

• Designed to stabilize the German economy
• U.S. bankers would lend to Germany
• Germany could then make its reparation payments
  to Britain, France, Italy
• Those countries could then repay their debts to
  U.S.
• The Great Depression stopped this plan canceled
  reparations

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Isolationist Impulses

• Many Americans believed U.S. had been tricked
  into getting involved in WWI
• Congress takes action to prevent involvement in
  overseas conflicts
• Resulted in passage of 3 Neutrality Acts,
  1935-1937
• U.S. wouldnt sell arms to warring nations
• U.S. wouldnt loan to warring nations
• U.S. wouldnt ship non-military goods to warring
  nations

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The Rise of Totalitarian Dictatorships

• Many nations turned to dictators to solve their
  problems after World War I some after the G.D.
• Characteristics of totalitarian dictatorships
• Govt. controls every aspect of a persons life
• One party controls the govt.
• The state is supreme
• Individuals have few, if any, rights
• Political opposition is forbidden

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4 Dominant Totalitarian dictatorships of the
1920s/1930s

1. Mussolini in Italy, 1922
2. Hitler in Germany, 1933
3. Military dictatorship in Japan, 1931
4. Stalin in the Soviet Union, recognized by U.S. in
   1933

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The Shadow of War

• Japan aggressive in China (Manchuria, 1932)
• Mussolini aggressive in Africa
• Hitler aggressive in the Rhineland (1936) in
  Austria (March 1938)
• Created the Third Reich
• Demanded Sudetenland (Sept. 1938)
• Resulted in Munich Conference, Sept. 1938
• Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, Daladier met
• Chamberlain used appeasement
• Returned home claiming peace in our time
• Hitler got Sudetenland agreed not to seize the
  rest of Czechoslovakia
• March 1939, Hitler annexed all of Czechoslovakia

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Foreign Policy EQs

1. Describe the Dawes Plan.
2. Describe the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Why did it
   fail?
3. Explain the events of the Washington Naval
   Conference.
4. Define Disarmament. Why can this policy be
   viewed in a negative way?
5. Explain the Neutrality Acts.
6. Describe 5 characteristics of Totalitarian
   Governments.
7. List the 4 totalitarian dictatorships of the
   1920s-1930s.

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The War Begins

• Nazi-Soviet Pact (Aug. 1939)--Stalin (Soviet
  Union) Hitler (Germany)
• Non-aggression Pact- agreed to divide Poland and
  prevented Germany from fighting two-front war
• Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland using
  blitzkrieg (Lightning War)
• Britain France declared war on Germany
• Spring 1940Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands,
  Belgium, Luxembourg fell to German blitzkrieg

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Establishing a Puppet Government

• Germany defeated France (1940)--bypassed the
  Maginot Line
• 300,000 soldiers rescued at Dunkirk
• Germany est. a puppet govt. in Vichy, France
• French General Charles de Gaulle headed the Free
  France movement in London
• Secret organization, the Resistance, worked in
  France

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From Neutrality to War

• U.S. proclaimed neutrality in 1939--couldnt
  refrain from helping the Allies
• Sent 50 old destroyers to Britain (Churchill) for
  99 year lease on naval air bases in the
  Atlantic
• U.S. passed a Cash-and-Carry law--allowed U.S. to
  sell arms to the Allies
• Nations must pay cash carry goods away
  themselves
• FDR elected to unprecedented 3rd term in 1940
• U.S. passed Lend-Lease Act in 1941
• Allowed the President to sell, exchange, lend, or
  lease war materials to any country whose security
  he considered vital to the defense of the
  U.S.----Used w/ Britain later Russia

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• Atlantic Charter (1941)
• U.S. Britain agreed to seek no territorial gain
• Agreed to the right of all peoples to choose
  the form of govt. under which they will live
• U.S. placed an embargo on Japan
• Japan continued to be aggressive in Asia
• Sank some American ships in 1937 (Panay)
• U.S. stop shipment of metal, oil, fuel to Japan
• Japan signed agreement w/ Germany Italy (1941)
• Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
• Japan demanded U.S. drop the embargo
• U.S. only end it if Japan withdrew from China
• Negotiations continued in Nov. 1941 w/o agreement

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Pearl Harbor

• Sunday, December 7, 1941, at 755 a.m. Japan
  attacked the U.S. fleet stationed at Pearl
  Harbor, HI
• U.S. expected the attack in the Philippines
• U.S. lost over 19 ships, including all 8
  battleships, 150 aircraft
• 2,400 Americans died
• FDR said it was a date which will live in
  infamy
• U.S. declared war on Japan the next day
• Germany Italy declared war on U.S. within 3
  days--- We promptly returned the gesture

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WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)
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The Allies Versus the Axis

• Allied Powers U.S., Britain, USSR (50 total)
• Axis Powers Germany, Italy, Japan (9 total)
• WWII was really two separate theaters
• Pacific War U.S. Britain, Australia, New
  Zealand v. Japan
• European African War had 3 fronts Eastern,
  Southern, Western
• Eastern Front USSR v. Germany
• Southern Front U.S., Britain, Australia v.
  Germany Italy
• Western Front (D-Day) U.S., Britain, France v.
  Germany Italy
• 1942---- Axis Powers were ahead
• Dark days for the Allies

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Planning Strategy

• Next Allied strategy was debated
• Decided to make defeating Hitler top priority
• Operation Torch invasion of N. Africa to attack
  the Germans Italians from behind
• Followed by attacks in the Mediterranean Sea
  (Italy)
• Carried out in late 1942 early 1943
• Successful strategy a major victory for the
  Allies
• Gave Allies control of the Mediterranean
• Made shipping supplies to Europe possible
• Made an invasion of southern Europe possible
• The Tide of the War Turns in the Pacific
  Europe

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Holding Action in the Pacific

• Japanese successfully captured many islands
  following the Pearl Harbor attack
• Two significant battles (fought in the air)
• Battle of the Coral Sea, 1942
• Prevented Japan from seizing Australia
• Battle of Midway, 1942
• Turning point in the Pacific
• Gave Japan a decisive defeat by sinking 4 of
  their aircraft carriers
• The Invasion of Italy The Southern Front
• Italy was considered the weak point of the Axis
  Powers
• 1943, the Allies invaded Sicily Italy
• Italians overthrew Mussolini Italy surrendered
• Hitler sent German troops to resist Allies
  rescue Mussolini---unsuccessful
• Allies pushed on until they liberated Rome (1944)

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The Eastern Front

• Stalin had asked for 3 things for 3 years
• Massive supplies
• Territorial concessions in Eastern Europe
• Second front in Western Europe
• Soviets resisted the Germans in the east
• 1943, the Battle of Stalingrad was the turning
  point
• Red Army went on the offensive
• 1943, Axis advances had been stopped in Europe
  the Pacific
• Allies launched land, air, and sea offensives on
  all fronts

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The War at Home

• Remember Pearl Harbor rallying cry
• V for Victory a familiar symbol
• 6 million men women volunteered
• 10 million men were drafted
• Melting pot of men
• Discrimination still occurred in the army (1
  million blacks)
• The Economy recovers
• U.S. economy fully recovered during WWII
• Unemployment dropped sharply
• Ended the Great Depression

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Organizing for War Production

• Federal agencies created to coordinate everything
  (WWI)
• Office of War Mobilization (OWM) oversaw all
  areas of production
• War Production Board Americans made the shift
  from peacetime to wartime production
• Helped Americans exceed tough production demands
• Office of Price Administration (OPA) controlled
  inflation by creating item price
  ceilings---included rents, gasoline, tires,
  coffee, canned food, meat, etc.
• War Manpower Commission (WMC) decided which
  industries needed workers most
• National War Labor Board helped to settle labor
  disputes to prevent production from being
  interrupted---encouraged workers to join unions

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American Foreign Policy Assignment

• Complete the following
• Explain 5 specific ways that the U.S. mobilized
  for war.
• Discuss 3 things that Stalin wanted from the
  Allies. Explain the role of the Soviets in the
  Eastern Front.
• Explain key events related to the invasion of
  Italy.
• Identify the Allied and Axis Powers.
• Describe Operation Torch. Explain its
  significance.
• Discuss 2 significant battles in the Pacific.
  Who wins? Why is this important?

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Changes on the Home Front

• War demanded sacrifices from Americans
• People planted victory gardens to stretch the
  food supply
• Americans used ration coupons
• Scrap-rubber and scrap-iron collections
• People stood in long lines to buy scarce items
• Businesses encouraged support
• Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do
  without

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• Women met the demand for workers
• By end of war, 1 out of 3 workers was a woman
• Rosie the Riveter became a national symbol
• Women gained confidence they could have both a
  family a job or career
• African Americans gained more acceptance
• FDR banned discrimination in all govt. agencies,
  in job training programs, in all companies
  doing business w/ the federal govt.
• Fair Employment Practices Committee created to
  ensure equal treatment for minorities in war
  industries

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Rosie the Riveter
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D-Day in France The Western Front

• Allies planned a cross-channel invasion across
  the English Channel for 2 yrs.
• Directed by Supreme Allied Commander of Europe,
  General Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Called Operation Overlord
• Success depended on 3 things
• Adequate landing vessels, troops, supplies
• Secrecy of the mission
• Clear weather

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D- Day Continued.

• June 6, 1944, the most famous largest
  amphibious landing in history began
• 176,000 troops were ferried across the channel
• Landed on the beaches of Normandy
• U.S. landed on beaches of Utah Omaha
• Germany fiercely resisted the invasion
• Allies finally liberated Paris in Aug. 1944
• Allies began pushing the Germans back toward
  Berlin and liberating the rest of Western Europe

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Japanese Americans

• Pearl Harbor created anger against Japanese
• Japanese-Americans were held responsible for the
  attack
• Became easy targets for discrimination
• Seen as a menace
• Defense officials warned of possible sabotage
• FDR gave the War Dept. authority to remove
  thousands
• 110,000 were taken from homes jobs along the
  west coast

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Japanese Americans continued.

• They were relocated to 10 internment camps out
  west
• Still loyal to U.S.
• Some served in the military
• 2/3 were American-born citizens
• U.S. govt. apologized in 1988 gave 20,000 to
  each surviving internee

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On the Attack in the Pacific

• U.S. had expected the initial Japanese attack in
  the Philippines
• Japan had seized the Philippines shortly after
  the Pearl Harbor invasion
• Gen. Douglas MacArthur stationed there vowed he
  would return to recapture the island
• U.S. leaders decided to use a leapfrog or island
  hopping campaign against Japan
• 1944, the U.S. sank much of the Japanese fleet in
  a battle off the coast of the Philippines
• MacArthur returned to the Philippines fulfilling
  his promise
• Late 1944, U.S. beginning to bomb Japan

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Ending the War in Europe

• 1944, the Germans launched a last
  counter-offensive in the Ardennes Forest
• Resulted in the Battle of the Bulge
• Temporarily slowed the Allied advance
• In the east, the Soviets had finally pushed into
  Germany
• American Russian troops met at the Elbe River,
  100 miles west of Berlin
• On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide
• Third Reich was defeated surrendered one week
  later
• Next day, May 8, 1945, was declared VE-Day,
  Victory in Europe Day

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Election of 1944

• FDR ran won an unprecedented 4th term did not
  want to run but thought it would be a mistake to
  change leadership during the war
• Democratic party chose a new V.P. (Harry S
  Truman)
• FDR was easily re-elected
• President Truman Takes Office
• FDR died in April 1945
• Truman knew very little about the war strategy
• Immediate task was finishing the war w/ Japan
• 1945 America captured Iwo Jima Okinawa
• Strikes on Japan were next
• During battles-- Japanese pilots had begun using
  kamikaze tactics
• Bitter struggle to end war w/ Japan

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A New Weapon

• July 16, 1945, the first successful atomic bomb
  was tested in--- Alamogordo, NM
• Mission to build--- called the Manhattan Project
• 2 billion employed over 100,000 people
• Involved many scientists who had fled from Nazis
• Bomb parts were made in 3 locations (TN, NM, WA)
• When 2 bombs were ready, Japan warned to
  surrender or face complete destructionignored
• Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on
  August 6, 1945
• Another dropped on Nagasaki- August 9, 1945
• 2 more bombs were scheduled for Aug. 13 16 if
  Japan did not surrender
• Japan surrender on August 14, 1945 (V-J Day)
• World War II was completely over!

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The Holocaust

• Full horror of the concentration camps was
  realized after the war was over
• Allied troops liberated the people in the camps
• Worst camps were Auschwitz Treblinka in Poland
  and Buchenwald Dachau in Germany
• 6 million Jews, 1/3 of Europes Jews were killed
• This systematic killing of the Jewish people is
  called the HOLOCAUST
• Another 6 million people also died in the camps
• (Catholics, labor leaders, gypsies, political
  opponents, mentally physically handicapped,
  Slavic people)

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Aftermath of World War II

• 55 million civilians soldiers died
• Changed the map of the world
• Empires of France, the Netherlands, Germany,
  Italy, Japan, Britain were in ruins
• U.S. the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers
• People in Africa Asia sought freedom
• At home, minorities found new opportunities
• Our economy completely recovered
• Potential of science was revealed
• Could either advance or destroy civilization
• Atomic/nuclear age was born
• Cold War would soon begin

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Allied Diplomacy and Peace Talks

• Wartime Summit Meetings
• Fall 1943, Allied leaders began planning for what
  would happen after the war
• Were confident they would win
• Big Three (Stalin, FDR, Churchill)

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2 Major Summits

• Teheran Conference (1943)
• Discussed strategy for defeating the Axis
• Committed to the cross-channel invasion
• Stalin promised to enter the Pacific war once
  Germany surrendered
• Discussed an international organization to
  replace the failed League of Nations
• Discussed what to do w/ Germany when it
  surrendered

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• Yalta Conference (1945)
• Mostly discussed Germany
• Agreed it would be divided into 4 occupation
  zones
• Discussed plans for the United Nations
• Committed to allowing free elections in countries
  the Axis had controlled during the war

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