Cultural and Intellectual Changes 1450 -1750

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Cultural and Intellectual Changes 1450 -1750

• Transformations and formations of empires, the
  slave trade, and hemispheric connections took
  place along the backdrop of cultural and
  intellectual changes
• Protestant and Catholic reformations
• Scientific revolution
• The Enlightenment

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The Protestant Reformation

• The Renaissance of Italy spread North to Europe
  (Northern Renaissance) characterized by a more
  religious devotion
• 1517 to finance St. Peters Basilica in Rome the
  Catholic Church issued the sale of indulgences
  (buy your way to heaven!)

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The Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther (German Monk) opposed these
  indulgences and wrote The Ninety-Five Theses and
  was in turn excommunicated
• His ideas spread widely thanks to Johannes
  Guttenberg's invention of the printing press 1455
• The Protestant Reformation gained momentum in
  Germany quickly because of the German resentment
  of the Pope

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Spread of Protestantism

• Occurred in England when Henry VIII broke with
  the Roman Catholic Church so he could divorce his
  wife
• A protestant named John Calvin preached
  PREDESTINATION
• God had a plan for every person
• Spread to America by the migrations of the
  Puritans

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The Catholic Reformation

• AKA the Counter-Reformation, met at the Council
  of Trent, and stopped the sale of indulgences and
  restored traditional beliefs
• The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) organized to serve
  as missionaries and educators

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Results of the Protestant Reformation

• Increased European questioning of political
  authority
• Strengthened power of monarchs as the popes power
  decreased
• Encouraged education as Protestants wanted their
  children to read the bible
• Improved the status of women by encouraging
  marriage for love not power or money
• Created new protestant churches

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The Scientific Revolution

• Key theory that began the scientific revolution
  was when Copernicus questioned the geocentric
  (earth at the center of the universe) theory.
• Heliocentric sun is the center of the universe
• Galileo used a telescope to confirm these theories

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• Johannes Kepler establishes the elliptical
  motions of the planets
• Issac Newton basic principles of motion
• John Harvey explains the human circulatory
  system

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ENLIGHTENMENT

• Impact of the Enlightenment
• Challenged old ideas about society
• Questioned divine right, and unfair govts.
• Inspired revolutions in US and France.
• Progress made in science.
• Humans CAN solve social problems.
• Questioned Churchs teachings.
• An individual is important valuable.

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John Locke

• People can learn from experience and improve
  themselves
• Natural Rights life, liberty, and property
• Purpose of the government protect NATURAL
  RIGHTS!!

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Mary Wollstonecraft

• Wrote The Vindication of Rights of Women 1792
• She argued that women needed to be educated
• Women should have a right to participate in
  politics
• FIRST REAL FEMINIST

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Beccaria and your rights.

• Laws helped keep order in a society.
• People have the right to a speedy trial.
• No cruel or unusual punishment.
• Against capital punishment (death penalty

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Baron de Montesquieu

• French writer dedicated to political liberties
• Separation of Powers- amongst the branches of
  government
• Create a system of checks and balances
• 1 branch can check another branchs power!

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Voltaire

• French political satirist (used writing to make
  fun of the government)
• Sent to jail twice for his writing
• Admired the English version of government

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Jean Jacques Rousseau

• Won recognition as a writer of essays in Paris
• Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains
• As people became civilized freedom was destroyed