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Title: WHAP review


1
WHAP review
2
Foundation
  • Review

3
The Big Thematic Picture
  • Theme 1 Patterns and effects of interaction
  • Theme 2 Dynamics of changes and continuity
  • Theme 3 Effects of technology, economics and
    demographics

4
  • Theme 4 Systems of social structure and gender
    structure
  • Theme 5 Cultural, intellectual and religious
    developments
  • Theme 6 Changes in functions and structures of
    states

5
Some Things to Remember
  • Exchange of goods and ideas over large distances
    the Silk Road, Indian Ocean Trade and the
    Mediterranean Trade
  • The discovery/use of agriculture quickened the
    pace of life, and organized areas into sedentary
    civilization
  • As sedentary civilizations developed, social
    structures and gender roles cemented

6
  • Major world religions developed during this
    period and spread along trade routes
  • Civilizations became more complex and structured
    as time moved on

7
The Bookends
  • 8,000 BCE marks the development of Agriculture
    and its spread to the four River Valley
    Civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley,
    Huang He)
  • 600 CE marks the time by which all the classic
    empires had fallen

8
Details- Neolithic Revolution
  • Early modern humans seemed to have developed
    farming over time, dropping seeds one year and
    then harvesting the crops the next. This led
    to settled, formal farming
  • Domestication and breeding of animals was also an
    important invention

9
  • Some humans decided to settle in villages and
    soon were able to create a surplus of food. This
    led to diversification of labor, the creation of
    government structures, and the payment of taxes!
  • Other humans chose to become pastoral nomads and
    move with their animal herds

10
Details- Technology
  • Metallurgy- First copper, then bronze, then iron.
    These increasingly harder metals aided
    agriculture tremendously. They also provided
    increasingly sophisticated weapons
  • Wheel- first used by the Sumerians proved
    helpful in agriculture, trade and warfare

11
  • Hydrological technology- waterwheels, windmills,
    aqueducts proved instrumental in meeting the
    water needs of large populations as well as the
    irrigation required in drier areas

12
Details- Demography
  • Worlds population increased rapidly with the
    advent of farming and domesticated animals
  • Waves of diseases plagues increase in frequency
    with increased population density
  • Many classic empires promote population expansion

13
Details- Social and Gender Structures
  • Ownership of land signified power
  • Kings were usually divine and had absolute power
  • Gender roles emerged as farming expanded. Men
    worked in the fields while women stayed in the
    house
  • Whos Your Daddy Phenomenon and women lost power
  • Religion cements and justifies social and gender
    structure

14
Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions
  • Emergence of religions- the emergence of the
    Classical Age or Axial Age (emergence of core
    belief or philosophical structures of a society)
  • Monumental architecture- Kings show off their
    power by building big buildings for either
    themselves or the states religion

15
  • Writing as record keeping become paramount,
    writing develops
  • Mathematics- number systems develop, India
    creates the Arabic numbers and algebra
  • Engineering

16
Details- Structure and Function of State
  • First- relatively small states city-states
  • Then- large coercive tribute empires
  • Empires followed Conrad Demarest model- grow
    large and wealthy, then too large and fragment
  • Taxes paid by the farmers/ peasants for the
    enjoyment of the elite. Agricultural surplus
    allows for a large army

17
Trade- Cant live without it!
  • Trade, especially over land is important
  • Begins as relatively informal networks
  • Nomadic pastoralists instrumental in development
    of long-distance trade
  • Ideas, diseases, religions, goods travel
  • Silk Road, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean
  • Silks, Spices, Cotton travel east to west
  • Glassware, wool and linen, olive oil travel west
    to east

18
Movement of People
  • Bantu Migration across Africa
  • Polynesian Migration across Pacific Ocean

19
600-1450
  • Review

20
The Six Things to Remember
  1. Tremendous growth in trade due to improvements in
    technology
  2. Major technological developments
  3. Movement of people greatly altered the world
  4. Religion preached equality of all before God
  5. Spread of religion and trade acted as a unifying
    force
  6. Political structures of many areas adapted and
    changed to the new conditions of the world

21
The Bookends
  • 600- great classical empires have fallen
  • 632- coming of Islam
  • 1000- trade increases both by land and sea
  • 1450- Fall of Constantinople and decline of Silk
    Roads
  • 1450- Europe looks westward toward the Atlantic

22
Details- Growth in Trade
  • Long Distance trade increased tremendously
  • Silk Road benefited from big empires and peace
    (Islamic Caliphate, Mongol Empire)
  • Indian Ocean Trade
  • Trans-Saharan Trade
  • Mediterranean Trade

23
Details- Technology
  • Maritime
  • Compass (south pointing needle)
  • Improved ship building technology (rudders,
    hulls, sails)
  • Overland
  • Camel saddle
  • Stirrup
  • Defense
  • Short bow
  • gunpowder

24
Details- Movement of peoples
  • Bantu peoples moved along Congo River and further
    south and east in Africa. (Evidence- Bantu
    languages)
  • Vikings moved along rivers and oceans into Europe
    and even the new world. (Viking ships horses of
    other nomads)
  • Turks and Mongols moved southward and westward
    from the steppes of Asia bringing Bubonic plague
    to China and Europe

25
  • Polynesian migrations with canoes to the islands
    in the Pacific

26
Details- Social Structure and Gender Structure
  • Religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Islam
    preached equality of all peoples (social classes
    as well as genders)
  • Societies are still very unequal and patriarchal
  • Some religions like Buddhism and Christianity
    allow women to have monastic roles, which gives
    them choices. Sufi Islam has leadership roles for
    women sheiks

27
Details- Spread of Religions and trade spread of
cultural ideas
  • Christianity spread in Europe and eastern
    Mediterranean. Unifying force during political
    fragmentation
  • Buddhism spread in Asia- especially SE Asia where
    islands had a trade relationship with India
  • Islam spread cultural and religious ideas as it
    expanded under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates

28
  • Confucianism spread as Chinas influence grew in
    East and SE Asia

29
Details- Governments
  • Centralized Empires
  • Tang and Song in China
  • Byzantine in Eastern Mediterranean
  • Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates in greater Central
    Asia
  • Decentralized Regions
  • Western Europe
  • Japan
  • Mongol Empire (changed political and economic
    structures)

30
Changes and Continuities
  • Change Classic empires have fallen and new ones
    have been created
  • Change migrations of nomadic peoples cause major
    international changes and diffusion of ideas and
    diseases
  • Continuity religion continues to be important
    and continues to spread

31
  • Continuity trade routes continue to grow in
    importance
  • Continuity societies continue to be patriarchal

32
1450-1750
33
6 Things to Remember
  • Americas are included in world trade for the
    first time
  • Improvements in shipping and gunpowder technology
    continue
  • Populations are in transition
  • New social structures emerge based on race and
    gender
  • Traditional beliefs are threatened in Europe but
    reinforced in China
  • Empires are both land-based and cross oceanic

34
The Bookends
  • 1450- Beginning of European Atlantic Empires
  • 1450- beginning of global trade
  • 1492- End of Islam in Europe
  • 1433- end of Chinese treasure ship expeditions
  • 1750- beginning of industrialization
  • 1750- western hemisphere colonization peaks

35
Details- Going Global
  • Trade is extended through all parts of the world
  • Europe finally gains access to Asian trade routes
    and attempts to control them through choke
    points- fail
  • Europe uses American raw materials- especially
    silver- to trade with Asia
  • Columbian Exchange

36
Details- Technology
  • Spread of shipping technology to Europe as a
    result of the crusades and experiments by Henry
    the Navigator
  • Improvements in gunpowder technology- muskets and
    cannons

37
Details- Demography
  • Disease killed millions of native Americans
  • Africans were forcibly transported to the new
    world for work in plantation agriculture
  • Populations grew as new calorie-rich foods were
    brought from the new world
  • Populations migrated to harsher climates as food
    crops became available
  • Populations migrated from the old world to the
    new world

38
Details- Social and Gender structures
  • Americas- Castas system
  • Muslim areas (Ottomans, Mughals)- women in the
    harems wielded considerable power behind the
    scenes
  • China- power struggle between the Eunuchs and
    Scholar Gentry

39
Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions
  • Europe- Renaissance and Reformation reduces the
    power of the Catholic Church and challenges old
    beliefs
  • China ends contact with the outside world as
    neo-Confucianism dominates

40
Details- Structure and Function of State
  • Empire remains the predominant political
    structure. It is a coercive tribute system
  • European states such as Spain and Portugal, but
    also France, England and the Dutch prefect
    overseas empires by claiming territory in the
    western hemisphere
  • Qing, Russia, Mughals, Ottomans and Safavids are
    powerful land-based empires

41
Trade- Cant live without it!
  • Global trade is THE thing this time period
  • Core-Periphery theory
  • Core states are manufacturing states
  • Periphery states provide raw materials
  • Semi-periphery supply both
  • Three Core zones
  • China
  • India
  • West

42
Changes and Continuities
  • Change The Americas are added to world trade
    network
  • Change Europe becomes a Maritime area
  • Continuity Trade is really important
  • Continuity Religions continue to adapt to new
    times, but very important
  • Continuity Diffusion of ideas and diseases as
    people come into contact with each other

43
1750-1914
44
Three Things to Remember
  • Industrialization caused true world-wide
    interdependence. Intensification of
    core-periphery concept
  • Populations grew and people moved from the
    country into the cities to work in factories
  • Women gained some economic opportunities with the
    rise of factory work, but they did not gain
    political or economic parity

45
Three more things to remember
  • Western culture influenced Asia and Africa,
    especially because of imperialism
  • Rise of the Proletariat as a social force
  • Revolutions were inspired because of the
    Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and
    natural rights

46
The Bookends
  • 1750- beginning of the industrialization with the
    water frame in Manchester, England
  • 1776- first enlightenment revolution
  • 1800s- nationalism
  • 1800s- imperialism
  • 1860- emancipation of serfs and slaves
  • 1914- Eve of World War I

47
Details- Industrialization
  • Began in the textile industry of England but soon
    spread to other industries
  • Led to a desperate search for raw materials
    especially cotton, rubber and drug foods
  • Industrialized nations wanted competition-free
    markets for their finished products and
    deliberately out-maneuvered each other as well as
    destroyed local competing industries to achieve
    this

48
Details- Technology
  • New technology quickened the pace of life
  • Life was regulated by the clock
  • Time was standardized into time zones
  • Calendar was standardized
  • Postal systems and telephone and telegraph
    systems were standardized
  • Steamships and railroads made trans-oceanic and
    trans-continental transport cheaper and faster

49
Details- Demography
  • Free wage laborers were more desirable than slave
    labor because they were cheaper and more
    efficient
  • Populations grew as disease was eradicated,
    hygiene improved and food became cheaper

50
Details- Gender and Social Structures
  • Emancipation of slaves and serfs- form a
    proletariat class in the cities or a poor peasant
    class in the country
  • Women gained economic opportunities in the
    factories but were not paid equally
  • Middle class women separated themselves from
    their lower class counterparts by becoming
    exclusively domestic

51
  • Rise of the middle class as a political and
    economic force
  • Revolutions
  • Proletariat also begin to have more power,
    especially with the organization of labor unions

52
Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions
  • African and Asian influences on European Art
  • Western intellectual thought- especially science
    and the enlightenment were highly influential to
    Asian and African areas
  • Traditional religious teachings continue to be
    influential and often form the backbone of
    anti-imperial activities

53
Details- Function and Structures of States
  • Enlightenment said that the government was needed
    to be responsive to the people (at least to males
    with property)
  • Some new nation-states experimented with
    democratic ideals (U.S., France and Britain)
  • Land-based empires (coercive tribute states)
    continued to enforce absolute rule and resisted
    enlightenment ideas
  • Latin America co-opted the ideas, but usually
    just as justification for maintaining Creole power

54
Core-Periphery Again!
  • European states- especially Britain, Germany,
    France and the Netherlands become cores
  • They conquer colonies
  • Old Core regions fall to semi-periphery (China)
    or the periphery (India and West Asia) as they
    become suppliers for raw materials
  • Russia and Japan rise to semi-peripheral regions
  • Latin America and Africa remain peripheral areas

55
Changes and Continuities
  • Change Industrialization changed almost
    everything- the way people worked, lived,
    traveled, related to their families and
    communicated
  • Change rise of the middle class and new
    government structures
  • Continuity religion continues to be a force for
    conservatism
  • Continuity patriarchal gender structure remains
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