Title: WHAP review
1WHAP review
2Foundation
3The Big Thematic Picture
- Theme 1 Patterns and effects of interaction
- Theme 2 Dynamics of changes and continuity
- Theme 3 Effects of technology, economics and
demographics
4- Theme 4 Systems of social structure and gender
structure - Theme 5 Cultural, intellectual and religious
developments - Theme 6 Changes in functions and structures of
states
5Some Things to Remember
- Exchange of goods and ideas over large distances
the Silk Road, Indian Ocean Trade and the
Mediterranean Trade - The discovery/use of agriculture quickened the
pace of life, and organized areas into sedentary
civilization - As sedentary civilizations developed, social
structures and gender roles cemented
6- Major world religions developed during this
period and spread along trade routes - Civilizations became more complex and structured
as time moved on
7The Bookends
- 8,000 BCE marks the development of Agriculture
and its spread to the four River Valley
Civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley,
Huang He) - 600 CE marks the time by which all the classic
empires had fallen
8Details- Neolithic Revolution
- Early modern humans seemed to have developed
farming over time, dropping seeds one year and
then harvesting the crops the next. This led
to settled, formal farming - Domestication and breeding of animals was also an
important invention
9- Some humans decided to settle in villages and
soon were able to create a surplus of food. This
led to diversification of labor, the creation of
government structures, and the payment of taxes! - Other humans chose to become pastoral nomads and
move with their animal herds
10Details- Technology
- Metallurgy- First copper, then bronze, then iron.
These increasingly harder metals aided
agriculture tremendously. They also provided
increasingly sophisticated weapons - Wheel- first used by the Sumerians proved
helpful in agriculture, trade and warfare
11- Hydrological technology- waterwheels, windmills,
aqueducts proved instrumental in meeting the
water needs of large populations as well as the
irrigation required in drier areas
12Details- Demography
- Worlds population increased rapidly with the
advent of farming and domesticated animals - Waves of diseases plagues increase in frequency
with increased population density - Many classic empires promote population expansion
13Details- Social and Gender Structures
- Ownership of land signified power
- Kings were usually divine and had absolute power
- Gender roles emerged as farming expanded. Men
worked in the fields while women stayed in the
house - Whos Your Daddy Phenomenon and women lost power
- Religion cements and justifies social and gender
structure
14Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions
- Emergence of religions- the emergence of the
Classical Age or Axial Age (emergence of core
belief or philosophical structures of a society) - Monumental architecture- Kings show off their
power by building big buildings for either
themselves or the states religion
15- Writing as record keeping become paramount,
writing develops - Mathematics- number systems develop, India
creates the Arabic numbers and algebra - Engineering
16Details- Structure and Function of State
- First- relatively small states city-states
- Then- large coercive tribute empires
- Empires followed Conrad Demarest model- grow
large and wealthy, then too large and fragment - Taxes paid by the farmers/ peasants for the
enjoyment of the elite. Agricultural surplus
allows for a large army
17Trade- Cant live without it!
- Trade, especially over land is important
- Begins as relatively informal networks
- Nomadic pastoralists instrumental in development
of long-distance trade - Ideas, diseases, religions, goods travel
- Silk Road, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean
- Silks, Spices, Cotton travel east to west
- Glassware, wool and linen, olive oil travel west
to east
18Movement of People
- Bantu Migration across Africa
- Polynesian Migration across Pacific Ocean
19600-1450
20The Six Things to Remember
- Tremendous growth in trade due to improvements in
technology - Major technological developments
- Movement of people greatly altered the world
- Religion preached equality of all before God
- Spread of religion and trade acted as a unifying
force - Political structures of many areas adapted and
changed to the new conditions of the world
21The Bookends
- 600- great classical empires have fallen
- 632- coming of Islam
- 1000- trade increases both by land and sea
- 1450- Fall of Constantinople and decline of Silk
Roads - 1450- Europe looks westward toward the Atlantic
22Details- Growth in Trade
- Long Distance trade increased tremendously
- Silk Road benefited from big empires and peace
(Islamic Caliphate, Mongol Empire) - Indian Ocean Trade
- Trans-Saharan Trade
- Mediterranean Trade
23Details- Technology
- Maritime
- Compass (south pointing needle)
- Improved ship building technology (rudders,
hulls, sails) - Overland
- Camel saddle
- Stirrup
- Defense
- Short bow
- gunpowder
24Details- Movement of peoples
- Bantu peoples moved along Congo River and further
south and east in Africa. (Evidence- Bantu
languages) - Vikings moved along rivers and oceans into Europe
and even the new world. (Viking ships horses of
other nomads) - Turks and Mongols moved southward and westward
from the steppes of Asia bringing Bubonic plague
to China and Europe
25- Polynesian migrations with canoes to the islands
in the Pacific
26Details- Social Structure and Gender Structure
- Religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Islam
preached equality of all peoples (social classes
as well as genders) - Societies are still very unequal and patriarchal
- Some religions like Buddhism and Christianity
allow women to have monastic roles, which gives
them choices. Sufi Islam has leadership roles for
women sheiks
27Details- Spread of Religions and trade spread of
cultural ideas
- Christianity spread in Europe and eastern
Mediterranean. Unifying force during political
fragmentation - Buddhism spread in Asia- especially SE Asia where
islands had a trade relationship with India - Islam spread cultural and religious ideas as it
expanded under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates
28- Confucianism spread as Chinas influence grew in
East and SE Asia
29Details- Governments
- Centralized Empires
- Tang and Song in China
- Byzantine in Eastern Mediterranean
- Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates in greater Central
Asia - Decentralized Regions
- Western Europe
- Japan
- Mongol Empire (changed political and economic
structures)
30Changes and Continuities
- Change Classic empires have fallen and new ones
have been created - Change migrations of nomadic peoples cause major
international changes and diffusion of ideas and
diseases - Continuity religion continues to be important
and continues to spread
31- Continuity trade routes continue to grow in
importance - Continuity societies continue to be patriarchal
321450-1750
336 Things to Remember
- Americas are included in world trade for the
first time - Improvements in shipping and gunpowder technology
continue - Populations are in transition
- New social structures emerge based on race and
gender - Traditional beliefs are threatened in Europe but
reinforced in China - Empires are both land-based and cross oceanic
34The Bookends
- 1450- Beginning of European Atlantic Empires
- 1450- beginning of global trade
- 1492- End of Islam in Europe
- 1433- end of Chinese treasure ship expeditions
- 1750- beginning of industrialization
- 1750- western hemisphere colonization peaks
35Details- Going Global
- Trade is extended through all parts of the world
- Europe finally gains access to Asian trade routes
and attempts to control them through choke
points- fail - Europe uses American raw materials- especially
silver- to trade with Asia - Columbian Exchange
36Details- Technology
- Spread of shipping technology to Europe as a
result of the crusades and experiments by Henry
the Navigator - Improvements in gunpowder technology- muskets and
cannons
37Details- Demography
- Disease killed millions of native Americans
- Africans were forcibly transported to the new
world for work in plantation agriculture - Populations grew as new calorie-rich foods were
brought from the new world - Populations migrated to harsher climates as food
crops became available - Populations migrated from the old world to the
new world
38Details- Social and Gender structures
- Americas- Castas system
- Muslim areas (Ottomans, Mughals)- women in the
harems wielded considerable power behind the
scenes - China- power struggle between the Eunuchs and
Scholar Gentry
39Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions
- Europe- Renaissance and Reformation reduces the
power of the Catholic Church and challenges old
beliefs - China ends contact with the outside world as
neo-Confucianism dominates
40Details- Structure and Function of State
- Empire remains the predominant political
structure. It is a coercive tribute system - European states such as Spain and Portugal, but
also France, England and the Dutch prefect
overseas empires by claiming territory in the
western hemisphere - Qing, Russia, Mughals, Ottomans and Safavids are
powerful land-based empires
41Trade- Cant live without it!
- Global trade is THE thing this time period
- Core-Periphery theory
- Core states are manufacturing states
- Periphery states provide raw materials
- Semi-periphery supply both
- Three Core zones
- China
- India
- West
42Changes and Continuities
- Change The Americas are added to world trade
network - Change Europe becomes a Maritime area
- Continuity Trade is really important
- Continuity Religions continue to adapt to new
times, but very important - Continuity Diffusion of ideas and diseases as
people come into contact with each other
431750-1914
44Three Things to Remember
- Industrialization caused true world-wide
interdependence. Intensification of
core-periphery concept - Populations grew and people moved from the
country into the cities to work in factories - Women gained some economic opportunities with the
rise of factory work, but they did not gain
political or economic parity
45Three more things to remember
- Western culture influenced Asia and Africa,
especially because of imperialism - Rise of the Proletariat as a social force
- Revolutions were inspired because of the
Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and
natural rights
46The Bookends
- 1750- beginning of the industrialization with the
water frame in Manchester, England - 1776- first enlightenment revolution
- 1800s- nationalism
- 1800s- imperialism
- 1860- emancipation of serfs and slaves
- 1914- Eve of World War I
47Details- Industrialization
- Began in the textile industry of England but soon
spread to other industries - Led to a desperate search for raw materials
especially cotton, rubber and drug foods - Industrialized nations wanted competition-free
markets for their finished products and
deliberately out-maneuvered each other as well as
destroyed local competing industries to achieve
this
48Details- Technology
- New technology quickened the pace of life
- Life was regulated by the clock
- Time was standardized into time zones
- Calendar was standardized
- Postal systems and telephone and telegraph
systems were standardized - Steamships and railroads made trans-oceanic and
trans-continental transport cheaper and faster
49Details- Demography
- Free wage laborers were more desirable than slave
labor because they were cheaper and more
efficient - Populations grew as disease was eradicated,
hygiene improved and food became cheaper
50Details- Gender and Social Structures
- Emancipation of slaves and serfs- form a
proletariat class in the cities or a poor peasant
class in the country - Women gained economic opportunities in the
factories but were not paid equally - Middle class women separated themselves from
their lower class counterparts by becoming
exclusively domestic
51- Rise of the middle class as a political and
economic force - Revolutions
- Proletariat also begin to have more power,
especially with the organization of labor unions
52Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions
- African and Asian influences on European Art
- Western intellectual thought- especially science
and the enlightenment were highly influential to
Asian and African areas - Traditional religious teachings continue to be
influential and often form the backbone of
anti-imperial activities
53Details- Function and Structures of States
- Enlightenment said that the government was needed
to be responsive to the people (at least to males
with property) - Some new nation-states experimented with
democratic ideals (U.S., France and Britain) - Land-based empires (coercive tribute states)
continued to enforce absolute rule and resisted
enlightenment ideas - Latin America co-opted the ideas, but usually
just as justification for maintaining Creole power
54Core-Periphery Again!
- European states- especially Britain, Germany,
France and the Netherlands become cores - They conquer colonies
- Old Core regions fall to semi-periphery (China)
or the periphery (India and West Asia) as they
become suppliers for raw materials - Russia and Japan rise to semi-peripheral regions
- Latin America and Africa remain peripheral areas
55Changes and Continuities
- Change Industrialization changed almost
everything- the way people worked, lived,
traveled, related to their families and
communicated - Change rise of the middle class and new
government structures - Continuity religion continues to be a force for
conservatism - Continuity patriarchal gender structure remains