US Involvement in WWII

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US Involvement in WWII

• Chapter 20

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Ch. 20.1
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I. Converting the Economy

• A. US produced 2x the amount of other nations
  factories important to victory
• B. Needed to rapidly mobilize (get ready) US
  instituted Cost-Plus program
• C. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) made
  loans for mobilization

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II. American Industry

• A. After Pearl Harbor, almost all industries
  converted to war production
• B. Auto factories turned to production of jeeps,
  trucks, rifles, tanks, planes, supplies.
• C. Henry Kaisers Liberty Ships
• D. War Production Board (WPB) set priorities and
  production goals. Office of War Mobilization
  (OWM) to settle arguments between the different
  agencies.

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III. Building an Army

• A. In order to win the war, it was vital that
  the US built up its armed forces.
• B. Selective Service and Training Act 1st
  peacetime draft in Am. History.
• C. Overwhelming volunteers short training, but
  camaraderie made an effective unit.

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• D. US Army was segregated. Blacks were in their
  own military units, with White officers
• E. Double V Campaign
• F. 99th Pursuit Squadron Tuskegee Airmen
  Important role in the battle of Anzio in Italy.
• G. In the army, Blacks also performed well,
  receiving various awards for distinguished
  service Segregation ended in 1948.

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Some of the Tuskegee Airmen
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• H. Congress established the Womens Army
  Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in May 1942. First women
  in American military. By 1943 women became a
  part of regular war operations. Each branch had
  their organizations.
• I. 1941 the American troops were untrained and
  had little military experience. Got the job
  done fewest casualties in combat of all the
  major war powers.

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WAACS and WAVES
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Ch. 20. 2
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I. Pacific Front

• A. After Pearl Harbor, American bases in
  Philippines attacked
• B. Philippines General MacArthur Bataan Death
  March
• C. Doolittle Raid
• D. Turning Point in the Pacific Battle of
  Midway destroyed Japanese carriers

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II. Turning Back the Germans

• A. Stalin urged US UK to open a second front
  Churchill wanted to attack periphery (N. Africa)
• B. Began under General Dwight Eisenhower, George
  Patton Casablanca, Kasserine Pass
• C. Convoy system to defeat German submarine
  threat.
• D. Hitler wants to destroy USSR economy
  Soviets hold out Stalingrad was turning point.

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Some Links

• http//historyanimated.com/Philippines.html
• http//historyanimated.com/Midway.html

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Ch. 20.3
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I. Women and Minorities

• A. War had positive effect of US society
• Ended Depression
• Created 19 million new jobs
• Doubled family incomes
• B. Labor shortage forced employers to hire more
  women for mens jobs. 2.5 million women entered
  manufacturing.

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Rosie the Riveter
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• C. Discrimination against Blacks
• A. Philip Randolph (Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
  Porters) organized a march to secure jobs.
• FDR responded with Executive Order 8802 no
  discrimination in defense industries or
  government
• D. Bracero Program Mexican nationals arranged
  to help on SW farms. 200,000 came to work farms
  and RRs.

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II. Nation on the Move

• A. 15 million moved to West and South for jobs
  New industrial region called Sunbelt
• B. Fed. Govt issued 1.2 billion for schools,
  housing, community centers
• C. Continuance of Great Migration (S to N.
  Cities). Racism often worse in North than South

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• D. Zoot Suit Riots popular among
  Mexican-Americans in California Rumors of
  attack on several sailors. Led to violence in
  LA.
• E. Feb 19, 1942, FDR allowed the War Dept. to
  declare any part of the US a military zone and
  remove anybody from that zone led to internment
  of Japanese-Americans.

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III. Daily Life

• A. Office of Price Administration Regulated
  farm wages
• B. Office of Economic Administration Regulated
  everything else
• C. Rationing limiting the availability of
  products
• D. E bonds were used to raise money for the war
• E. Most were united in support of war.

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Ch. 20.4
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I. Striking Back at the 3rd Reich

• A. Casablanca Conference What to do now?
• Increase bombing of Germany
• Destroy military, industrial, and economic system
• Hurt German morale
• Attack Sicily

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• B. Did not destroy morale or economy. Destroyed
  irreplaceable resources and aircraft Helped in
  D-Day invasion
• C. Dwight D. Eisenhower overall commander of
  Sicily invasion
• Victorious
• Mussolini was arrested by Italians
• September 1943 surrender of Italy
• Hitler reoccupies Italy puts Mussolini back into
  power.
• Germans retreat in May 1944.

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• D. FDR, Stalin, Churchill meet in Tehran, Iran,
  and discuss plans for the rest of the war.
• Renewed Soviet offensive against Germany
• Allies would invade France (D-Day)
• Germany would be broken up after the war
• USSR would help US defeat Japan 3 months after
  surrender of Germany
• Formation of a new United Nations.

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II. Landing in France

• A. Operation Overlord Commanded by Eisenhower
  Invasion of France (Normandy) D-Day.
• Allied had advantage of surprise
• Germany thought theyd strike Pas-de-Calais
• Conditions?

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• B. Began shortly after midnight, June 6, 1944.
• Attack slowed at Utah Beach Immense casualties
  at Omaha Beach
• Gen. Omar Bradley considered evacuation, but the
  attack succeeded.
• C. Allied forces now had a foot-hold in France.

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III. Driving the Japanese Back

• A. Island Hopping Advance from island to
  island, capturing key locations to proceed toward
  Japan
• Commanded by Adml. Chester Nimitz
• B. Gen. MacArthur would advance through the
  Solomon Islands, capture N. coast of New Guinea,
  and retake the Philippines

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• C. Island hopping campaign would begin in fall
  of 1943.
• 1st action Tarawa Atoll amphibious assault led
  to many dead marines
• Led to use of LVT (Amphtrac)
• Kwajalein Atoll (Marshall Islands) went smoother
• B-29 bombers were used to capture the Mariana
  Islands Soon after were firebombing Japan

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• D. General MacArthurs troops invaded
  Guadalcanal in August 1942 Battle lasted almost
  2 years.
• E. Pushed on to capture Hollandia in New Guinea
  on to the Philippines
• F Leyte Gulf American ships ambushed
  Kamikaze attacks first used
• Manila destroyed, 100,000 Filipinos dead

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Ch 20.5
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I. Third Reich Collapses

• A. FDR and Allies promise to punish Nazis after
  the war end concentration camps.
• B. Battle of the Hedgerows ended with the allies
  blowing a hole in the Axis lines
• C. Paris liberated on August 25. Three weeks
  later, just 20 miles from Germany

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• D. Hitler tried to cut American supply-lines
  through Antwerp Battle of the Bulge
• Began Dec. 16, 1944
• Allied lines bulged but did not break
• Weakened Nazis could not renew attack, and broke.
• E. Failed to destroy the Ludendorf Bridge, and
  Allies entered Germany
• F. Hitler killed himself Germany surrendered a
  week later. May 7, 1945 V-E (Victory in Europe)
  Day.

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II. Japan is Defeated

• A. In April, 1945, FDR dies. Harry S Truman
  becomes President.
• B. To better strike Japan, US must get closer.
  Battle of Iwo Jima. 6,800 casualties
• http//www.snopes.com/military/sixboys.asp
• C. Firebombing of Japan
• D. Japan refused to surrender US invades
  Okinawa

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• E. Japan will not surrender unconditionally.
  Why?
• F. Manhattan Project
• G. Trumans threat
• H. August 6 Hiroshima August 9 Nagasaki.
• I. Trumans decision debated
• J. V-J Day (Victory over Japan)

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Building a New World

• A. United Nations
• Organization
• General Assembly
• Security Council
• Role, membership, and Veto Power

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• B. International Military Tribunal
• C. Nuremburg Trials
• D. Reasons and exemptions.

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Key People you need to know!
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