Resources, Strategies & Early Battles of the Civil War Focus

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Resources, Strategies Early Battles of the
Civil War

• Focus Question How did each sides resources and
  strategies affect the early battles of the war?
• Objectives
• Contrast the resources and strategies of the
  North and South
• Describe the outcomes and effects of the early
  battles of the Civil War

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The American Civil War 1861-1865
Copy down things in bold black put things in
blue in your own words/summarize
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North South
23 States 11 States
Union Confederate
Yankee Rebel
Blue Coats Grey Coats
USA CSA
President Abraham Lincoln President Jefferson Davis
Federal States Rights
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Advantages Disadvantages of the Union

• ADVANTAGES
• Population (22 million)
• 5 times as many factories (more resources,
  greater ability to make weapons, supplies)
• Greater resources (coal, iron)
• Double the railroads (makes moving troops and
  supplies easier)
• Well-organized navy (South had none)
• Established government with strong leader
  (Lincoln)
• DISADVANTAGE
• Fighting an offensive war (had to go into the
  South and attack)

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Advantages Disadvantages of the Confederacy

• ADVANTAGES
• Psychological advantagefighting for survival
• Strong military leadership
• Robert E. Lee
• Most of their generals were trained at West
  Point, the military academy
• Strategic advantagesjust needed to defend
• Defending is easier than attacking
• Fighting on familiar territory
• Just had to avoid defeat, get North to back down

• DISADVANTAGES
• Less factories to produce supplies
• No navy
• New, inexperienced government
• Smaller population

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Confederate Wartime Strategy

• Self-preservation while damaging the Union enough
  to get it to give up
• Sought Foreign Support from Britain France
• Needed to trade for supplies
• hoped that European dependence on Southern cotton
  would get military support

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Union Wartime Strategy

• Anaconda PlanUnion plan to starve out the South
  by controlling the Mississippi River and
  splitting the Confederacy
• 1) Blockade (block off) Southern ports
• 2) Control the MI River, splitting the
  Confederacy
• Proposed by General Winfield Scott

General Winfield Scott 1st Commander of Union
Forces
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Lincoln Avoids the Slavery Issue

• Border Statesstates that allowed slavery but
  remained in the UnionMissouri, Kentucky,
  Delaware, and Maryland
• Lincoln wanted to keep the border states in the
  Union

• Promised not to interfere with slaveryhis goal
  was to preserve the Union
• I believe I have no lawful right to free the
  slaves, and I have no inclination to do so1st
  Inaugural Address

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Civil War The First Modern War?

• New technology revolutionized war
• Iron ships replaced wooden ones (battle between
  the Monitor (Union) and Virginia (Confederate)
  1st battle w/ ironclad ships
• New firearms and cone-shaped bullets w/ greater
  accuracy
• Trench warfare, like in WWI and WWII
• (P. 107)

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1st Battle at Bull Run (Manassas, VA)

• July 21, 1861 outside D.C.
• Union Commander General Irvin McDowell
• Confederate CommanderBeauregard and Thomas
  Stonewall Jackson

• Jackson leaders his troops in refusal to back
  downSouth WINS
• Shock for people who expected war to be quick
  and painlessshowed it would be violent and long!
• Lincoln replaces McDowell w/ General George B.
  McClellan, new commander of Army of the Potomac.

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Grant Fights in Tennessee

• Union forces in TN led by General Ulysses S.
  Grant, following Anaconda Plan down the
  Mississippi
• Capture two Confederate forts
• Battle of Shiloh, April 1862 (Confederates win)
• Terrible death toll 25,000 Union Confederates
• Hurts Grants reputation as rising start in Union
  Army

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Fighting in the Southwest

• Both Union Confederacy wanted the resources of
  the Southwest (gold in CA, access to Pacific)
• March at Glorieta Pass, NM (1862)
• Union defeats Confederate attempt to control SW
• Confederates never threaten again
• Union Confederacy both try to get help from
  Mexicans, Mexican-Americans, and native peoples
• Union gets Cheyenne to ally in exchange for land
  protection
• Confederates get support of Creeks Choctaw
• Cherokee split between U C

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Stalemate in the East Failures of McClellan?

• General George McClellancommander of all Union
  forces
• Cautious, hesitant to act before prepared
• Lincoln wanted McClellan to be aggressive, but
  would not give forces McClellan asked for
• Summer 1862 McClellan agrees to march toward
  Richmond (Peninsular Campaign)
• Battle of the Seven Days (June 26-July 2 1862)
• Union loses at Richmond to Confederates commanded
  by Robert E. Lee, who took advantage of
  McLellans cautious style
• Union stalled, McClellan retreated

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• Lincoln replaced McClellan with General Ambrose
  Burnside, which would prove to be a mistake
• Union struggled to find good military
  leadershipthere was a revolving door of generals
  and the Union faced numerous defeats
• McClellan would be hired/fired again

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2nd Battle of Bull Run (Manassas, VA)

• August 29-30, 1862
• The general for the Confederate was Stonewall
  Jackson.
• The general for the Yankees was John Pope.
• The North lost 16,000 soldiers while the South
  lost only 9,000
• The South won the battle
• North seemed at disadvantage

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Antietam/Sharpsburg, Maryland

• September 17, 1862
• Known as the bloodiest day of the Civil War w/
  23,000 dead or wounded
• Union CommanderMcClellan
• Confederate CommanderRobert E. Lee

• South retreated. Not a clear victory, but enough
  for Lincoln to move forward with an important
  decision

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Life During the War

• Focus Question How did the war change American
  society?
• Objectives
• Analyze the Emancipation Proclamation and what it
  achieved
• Assess the role of African Americans during the
  war
• Evaluate how the war changed Northern and
  Southern economy society
• Discuss the experience of war for northern and
  southern soldiers
• Explain the impact of the war on women

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The Push Toward Emancipation

• Pressure from abolitionists
• Numerous requests from Union soldiers
• Union General Butler declared fugitive slaves to
  be contraband (war supplies) to protect them
• Union General Fremont declared slaves who came to
  him in MO free (Lincoln reversed order)
• Concerned w/ angering border states, but Lincoln
  felt he could not avoid issue any longer

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Emancipation Proclamation

• September 22, 1862 (after Antietam)
• Freed all slaves in territories in rebellion
  after January 1, 1863
• Did not free slaves in border states
• Mixed attitudes toward in it North (some happy,
  some thought it wasnt enough, some angry)
• Infuriated South

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Emancipation Proclamation

• Important turning point for the war
• Reaffirmed many northerners belief that it was a
  war against slavery
• Made Confederates more determined to fight to the
  end
• Even more free blacks and slaves flocked to Union
  to join the fight

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Blacks in the Military

• July 1862 Militia Actrequired black soldiers be
  accepted into military
• 54th Massachusetts Regimentall-black regiment
  that fought bravely in Charleston, S.C.
• Still faced prejudiceassigned worst tasks, etc.
• If captured, killed

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War Transforms the Northern Economy

• to fund war needed
• 1st Income tax (tax on wages) introduced to pay
  for the cost of the war
• Sold bonds, certificates from government that
  promise to payback interest
• Printed
• Homestead Act sold 160 acres out west to those
  willing to live on it for 5 years (very cheaply)

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The Draft Triggers Rioting in the North

• 1863 conscription (draft) for any white man
  between ages of 20-45
• Men could pay 300 for replacement
• Made draft something that only working class and
  immigrants had to deal with
• Resentment grew, including toward African
  Americans who werent subject to draft
• New York Draft Riot July 1863

Mob of poor white working men went on 4-day
rampagedamaged factories, attacked and lynched
African Americans, etc
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War Threatens Civil Liberties

• Copperheads Peace Democrats, demanded end to
  war
• Lincoln suspicious of them
• Lincoln suspended habeas corpus, which protects
  person from being held in jail without being
  charged for a specific crime
• Let military arrest people suspected of disloyalty

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The Homefront in the South

• Union blockade of southern ports costs South
  resources, makes feeding and supplying army and
  civilians difficult
• Blockade runner ships to bring supplies grow
  less effective as Union gains strength
• Struggle to Pay for War
• Souths wealth was in land, which mattered less
• Printed ?inflation, which combined w/ shortages
  of food and supplies, led to riots
• Conscription (draft) and suspension of habeas
  corpus
• Some suggested impeaching President Jefferson
  Davis

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Comparing North South
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The Life of the Soldier

• ½ the eligible men in the Union and 4 out of 5 in
  the South served in the military
• Difficulties of homesickness, divided loyalties
  (families torn between Union and Confederacy)
• Death disease common
• Infections from lack of sanitation, poor food,
  etc
• For every soldier killed in battle, two died of
  disease
• Prison camps were especially horrible
• Starvation, disease, etc
• Ex. During the 15 months that Confederate prison
  at Andersonville, GA operated, 12,000 Union
  prisoners died of disease and malnutrition

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Women and the War

• Women replaced men in many professions as men
  were away at war (family businesses, farms,
  plantations)
• Some joined the army in secret (dressed as men)
  some joined the army camp to help with cooking,
  laundry, etc
• Served as spies and guides
• NURSING
• Clara Barton, nurse on the battlefield, caring
  for wounded soldiers
• Founded the American branch of the Red Cross, the
  international health/nursing organization

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Gods Generals Turning Points of the War

• Focus Question How did the Battles of Vicksburg
  and Gettysburg change the course of the Civil
  War?
• Objectives
• Evaluate the changes in Union Confederate
  military leadership
• Explain what the Union gained by capturing
  Vicksburg
• Describe the importance of the Battle of
  Gettysburg
• Analyze how the Union used its military advantage
  after 1863

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Key Union Generals Ulysses S. Grant

• Began Civil War career fighting in Tennessee and
  Kentucky
• Decisive, bold military leader
• Becomes Union Commander in 1864
• Won victories in South where other generals
  failed (example McClellan)

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Key Union Generals William Tecumseh Sherman

• General who conducted the March to the Sea in
  Georgia
• Goal to make Georgia howl
• War is all hell

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Key Confederate Generals Thomas Stonewall
Jackson

• Confederate General who fought at both battles of
  Bull Run
• W/ Lee, led 3 month long campaign to hold onto
  the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia
• Died in battle at Chancellorsville (1863)
• Known for his courage, strength in battle, and
  ability to win with fewer men

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Key Confederate Generals Robert E. Lee

• Confederate general of the Army of Northern
  Virginia
• Lee opposed secession, but did not believe the
  Union should be held together by force
• Admired as a strong, decisive leader Lincoln had
  asked him to command Union
• Urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as
  Americans again, when some Southerners wanted to
  fight on after Appomattox.

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Vicksburg, MI July 4,1864

• Vicksburg Confederate stronghold on the
  Mississippi River, seen as key to Union victory
• After numerous failed attempts, Grant placed
  Vicksburg under siege, surrounding the city,
  cutting off its supplies, and constantly
  attacking it
• After over a month, on July 4, 1863, Confederates
  surrendered
• Turning point in the warsplit Confederacy in
  two! Led other Confederate stronghold, Port
  Hudson, LA, to surrender too. (p. 132)

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Gettysburg, PA July 1, 1863

• Union had serious losses throughout 1862,
  including Battle of Chancellorsville (although
  Confederates lost Jackson there)
• June 1863 Confederate General Lee set off to
  invade Pennsylvania
• July 1-3, 1863
• Union ultimately won, but over 50,000 men lost
  their lives
• Bloodiest battle (more than a day)
• Crushing defeat for the Southnever again would
  they fight on Union soil
• p. 128

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Gettysburg Address

• November 1863
• Gettysburgcemetery for fallen soldiers
• Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Addressspeech to
  commemorate lives lost, statement of American
  values and goals
• Civil War as a struggle to fulfill the
  Declaration of Independence and preserve a nation
  where all men are created equal

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Grant Marches Toward Richmond

• Early 1864 Grant becomes commander of entire
  Union military
• Targeted Confederate capital of Richmond, VA
• Engaged Lees Confederate troops in horrible
  battles Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor
• Strategy was to inflict more losses on
  Confederates than they could withstand
• Horrifying violence outraged both North and
  South, but it worked

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Shermans March to the Sea

• May 1864 Sherman began 250-mile march from TN
  border to capture Savannah, GA.
• Slash and burn tacticslooting for supplies,
  burning anything of potential value
• Captured Atlanta on September 2nd and burned it
  to the ground
• December 1864, captured Savannah

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Total War
War is all hell!

• Strike military and civilian targets
• Destroy materials and crops that enemy forces
  might be able to use
• Destroy railroads and factories to damage local
  economy
• Break the peoples will to continue fighting

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Election of 1864
Abraham Lincoln vs. George McClellan

• Union victories, like Atlanta, helped boost
  Lincolns popularity
• Lincoln won majority of electoral votes, although
  McClellan had 45 popular vote
• Reelection destroyed any Confederate hopes that
  North would negotiate peace

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The Wars Final Days

• Summer 1864, Grant pushed toward Richmond to
  defeat the Confederates at their capital
• Over six month long siege against Lees forces in
  Petersburg, VA
• Heavy casualties on both sides and Lee had no
  backup troops
• April 2nd, after a failed attempt to break the
  siege, the Confederates, led by Lee retreated
  from Petersburg and fled to Richmond

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Thirteenth Amendment

• February 1865 Thirteenth Amendment introduced to
  Congress
• 13th Amendment outlaw slavery in the United
  States
• Ended peace talks w/ Confederacy, which refused
  to accept a future without slavery

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AppomattoxApril 1865

• After running from Grants Union forces for a
  week, Lee formally surrendered to Grant in the
  town of Appomattox Court House, VA on April 9,
  1865
• Surrender did not officially end the war
• Fighting lasted in some parts of the country
  until June

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Why the North Won

• When war began, South had confidence, better
  military leadership, and determination so why
  did the North win?
• North had technology, bigger population, and
  resources
• Emergence of strong, fearless generals like Grant
  and Sherman greatly helped
• Steady leadership of Lincoln
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Decline of the South
• SEE PAGE 138Costs of War

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Lincoln is Assassinated

• April 14, 1865
• Ford Theater
• Assassin John Wilkes Booth
• Part of a plot to kill Lincoln, the Vice
  President, and the Secretary of State

• Booth was only successful conspirator killed
  immediately once found
• Four of his accomplices were later hanged

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The Wars Lasting Impact

• Industrial growth in the North continues, making
  it an economic powerhouse
• Land Grant College Act built colleges in N West
• Protective tariffs helped N economy
• South is left in ruins, struggling to rebuild
  economy after war and relying heavily on the
  North
• Soldiers in both N S disoriented by war
• African Americans headed west and north to take
  advantage of freedom, although many stayed in the
  South and discovered that freedom wasnt fully
  delivered
• Union victory helped cement the power of the
  federal government over the states and many saw
  themselves as citizens of the USA, not their
  state
• States rights still an issue though