Living Things

1
Weather Factors

• Table of Contents 5.1 5. 2
• Heat Transfer
• Water in the Atmosphere
• 5.1 Videos
• Brainpop-Temperature
• Heat Transmission Conduction, Convection, and
  Radiation

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Vocabulary 5.1

1. Atmosphere- The envelope of gases that surrounds
   the planet.
2. Hydrosphere- The portion of the Earth that
   consists of liquid water (oceans)
3. Weather- the condition of Earths atmosphere at a
   particular time and place.
4. Temperature-how hot or cold something is measure
   of average energy of motion of the particles of a
   substance.
5. Thermal Energy-The total kinetic and potential
   energy of all the particles of an object.
6. Thermometer-An instrument used to measure
   temperature.
7. Heat-The transfer of thermal energy from a warmer
   object to a cooler object.
8. Convection-The transfer of thermal energy by the
   movement of a fluid.
9. Conduction-the transfer of thermal energy from
   one particle of matter to another.
10. Convection Currents- the movement of a fluid,
    caused by differences in temperature, that
    transfers heat from one part of the fluid to
    another.

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How is the Earth a System? Pg. 155

• Earth is a system made up of different parts.
• The atmosphere is the envelope of gases that
  surround the planet.
• The hydrosphere is made up of all the water on
  Earth.
• The atmosphere and hydrosphere constantly
  interact.
• For example, when energy from the sun warms the
  gases in the atmosphere and the water in the
  hydrosphere, the water evaporates and forms vapor
  in the atmosphere. The vapor may form clouds and
  then fall back to the surface of Earth as rain.
• Weather is the condition of Earths atmosphere at
  a particular time and place.
• As the interactions between Earths parts change,
  so does the weather.

4
How is Temperature Measured? pg. 156

• All substances are made up of tiny particles
  (atoms and molecules) that are constantly
  moving.
• The faster the particles move, the more energy
  they have.
• Thermal energy measures the total (potential and
  kinetic) energy of motion in the particles of a
  substance.
• Temperature is the average amount of energy of
  motion of each particle of a substance.
• Air temperature is usually measured with
  a thermometer.
• A thermometer is a device that measures
  temperature.
• Temperature is measured in units called degrees.
• There are twoTemperature scales
• 1.) the Celsius scale 2.) the Fahrenheit scale.

5
Heat Transfer
Converting Units Temperature readings can be
converted from the Fahrenheit scale to the
Celsius scale using the following equation
6
How is Heat Transferred? Pg. 158

• Heat is thermal energy (potential kinetic
  energy)that is transferred from a hotter object
  to a cooler one.
• Heat is transferred in three ways
• Convection (fluids-liquids gases)
• Conduction (Heat transfer between 2
  substances-direct contact)
• Radiation (transfer of energy by
  electromagnetic waves)
• In Convection (H.T), Atoms and molecules in
  fluids (liquids and gases) can move easily. As
  they move, their energy moves with them. The
  transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid is
  called convection.
• Convection
• The transfer of thermal energy (potential
  kinetic energy) by the movement of a fluid.

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Heat TransferConvection, Conduction, and
Radiation
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How is Heat Transferred? Pg. 158

• Heating the Troposphere
• Conduction- Is the transfer of heat between two
  substances that are in direct contact .
• When a fast moving molecule bumps into a slower
  moving molecule, the faster one transfers some of
  its energy to the slower one. The closer together
  the molecules are in a substance, the better they
  conduct heat.
• Conduction works best in-- some solids, such as
  metals
• but not as well-- in liquids and gases.
• Radiation -is the direct transfer of energy by
  electromagnetic waves. Most of the heat that you
  feel from the sun travels to you as infrared
  radiation, which you cannot see but can feel.

9
Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer Heat transfer occurs when a warm
radiator heats a room. What type of heat transfer
could keep the paper in the air?
10
How is Heat Transferred? Pg. 159

• The troposphere is the lowest layer in Earths
  atmosphere.
• Radiation, conduction, and convection work
  together to heat the troposphere.
• During a sunny day the land gets warmer than the
  air. But because air doesnt conduct heat well,
  only the first few meters of the troposphere are
  heated by conduction. When air at ground level
  warms, its molecules spread out, making it less
  dense (component parts closely compacted
  together).
• Cooler denser air sinks toward the surface,
  forcing the warmer air to rise. The upward
  movement of warm air and the downward movement of
  cool air form convection currents.
• Heat is transferred mostly by convection within
  the troposphere.

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Chapter 5.2

• Water in the Atmosphere

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Vocabulary ch. 5.2

1. Water Cycle-- The continual movement of water
   among Earths atmosphere, oceans, and land
   surface through evaporation, condensation, and
   precipitation.
2. Evaporation --The process by which molecules at
   the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to
   change to a gas.
3. Precipitation Any form of water that falls from
   clouds and reaches Earths surface as rain, snow,
   sleet, or hail.

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How Does Water Move through the Atmosphere

• The Water Cycle
• The movement of water through the Earths
  systems. This movement is driven by the suns
  energy gravity

14
Steps of the Water Cycle pg. 162

• Water evaporates- (water vapor enters the
  atmosphere)
• Process where molecules at the surface of a
  liquid absorbs (gains) energy and changes to
  gaseous state. Water evaporates from oceans,
  rivers, lakes, soil, puddles, and even your skin!
• Transpiration- Takes place when plants draws
  water from the ground and then the water is given
  off through the leaves.
• Condensation (Condensation is the reverse of
  evaporation it is the process by which water
  vapor becomes liquid water.)
• After water evaporates, warm air carries
  molecules upward (air is colder as it rises.)
  Water vapor condenses into liquid water. Droplets
  of water clump around solid particles in the air,
  forming clouds.

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Steps of the Water Cycle

• Precipitation- Water condenses, droplets grow
  larger becoming heavier so that they fall back to
  Earth.
• Types of precipitation
• rain, ______, ______, and ________.
• Most precipitation falls into oceans
• Precipitation that falls on land, mostly
  evaporates
• Precipitation is the source for fresh water
• Water that seeps into the ground is called-
  groundwater. This water flows back to the ocean,
  and the process starts all over again.
• Runoff- water that remains on the surface, runs
  off into streams and lakes

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Weather and the Water Cycle pg. 163

• The water cycle helps weather patterns and
  climate.
• The suns energy changes the amount of water
  vapor in the atmosphere.
• Depending location, certain areas such as
  equator, have more condensation and
  ______________.
• Areas that have more condensation experience
  more____________ and precipitation.
• Areas that have less water vapor, have fewer
  clouds and less precipitation.

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The Water Cycle
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Water in the Atmosphere
The Water Cycle What are the processes in the
water cycle? Runoff, Precipitation,
condensation, Evaporation, transpiration
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Water in the Atmosphere
The Driest Place on Earth There are places in the
Atacama Desert where a single drop of rain has
never been measured.
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