Fitness and health

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Fitness and health

• Fitness is the ability to carryout day to day
  activities
• Health is being free from disease
• There are 4 main types of fitness
• Suppleness
• Stamina
• Strength
• Speed

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vtpWna2NC_94
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How can we measure fitness?

• Many methods bleep test, sit up test, pull up
  testetc.
• Medical method is to measure blood pressure
• Measures the blood flow through arteries, which
  carry blood at high pressure

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What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure is a measure of the pressure
applied by the blood against artery walls. Blood
pressure varies with

• heartbeat strength

• health

• blood volume

• age.

• fitness

Blood pressure is measured as two numbers, e.g.
120/80
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Systolic and diastolic
The big number (120) is the systolic pressure.
This is the blood pressure during a heartbeat.
The small number (80) is the diastolic
pressure. This is the blood pressurein-between
heartbeats.
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Heart disease
What is it?
How can we stop it?
What causes it?
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Cholesterol

• Found in saturated animal fats (butter, red
  meat)
• Sticks to the walls of the arteries
• Builds up and means blood cant flow properly
• Means the heart doesnt get enough blood/oxygen
  and cant pump
• Causes heart attack

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Smoking

• Smoking causes increased blood pressure
• This means the heart finds it harder to push the
  blood around the body
• Carbon monoxide in smoke also causes the amount
  of oxygen blood carries to reduce (get lower)
• Nicotine causes heart rate to increase and the
  vessels carrying the blood to get smaller
• Heart rate increases
• Eventually can lead to heart attacks

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The five major food groups
We have to eat these foods in the right amounts
to stay healthy. This is known as eating a
balanced diet.
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Food breakdown

• At every stage of the digestion process, enzymes
  are active
• Enzymes break large molecules into smaller ones
  so we can get the nutrients we need from our food

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Digestion mechanical and chemical

• Starch ? glucose
• Protein ? amino acids
• Fatty acids ? glycerol and fatty acid
• All of the above is done by enzymes
• Large molecules are broken down to smaller ones

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Symptoms of disease

• Normal body temperature is about 37ºC
• If we are ill or have disease, the first thing
  that happens is we start to get a high
  temperature
• This is because a pathogen is in our bodiesour
  body is working harder to try and stop the
  infection
• Which cells will be sent to try and stop the
  pathogen from causing more damage?

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Fighting infection

• White blood cells make specific antibodies for
  bacteria/microbes
• These antibodies surround the bacteria and flag
  it up to the white blood cell
• The different type of white blood cell comes and
  engulfs (destroys) the bacteria

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Passive and active immunity

• Vaccinations are active immunity. The body forms
  a response by making antibodies for the toxin
  which has entered the body
• Passive immunity is when antibodies are injected
  into a person. They body doesnt make its own
  antibodies.
• Passive immunity is quicker but only lasts a
  short time when would you use this type of
  immunity?

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Sense Sense Organ What it senses
Sight Nose Position of fluid in semi-lunar canals
Hearing Skin Chemicals
Taste Ear Light
Smell Eye Pressure, temperature
Touch Tongue Vibrations
Balance
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Binocular or Monocular?
What do you notice about the eyes on these
animals?
Eyes facing sideways Pick of prey
Eyes facing forwards Pick of predators
Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are
used together. What do you think Monocular
vision is?
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The Eye
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How we see
Light rays reflected off the object enter the
eye, through the pupil.
The light rays are refracted (bent) by the lens
and the image is focused on the retina.
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What does each part do?
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The Nervous System

• The nervous system consists of three parts

Brain
Peripheral Nerves
Spinal Cord
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The Nervous System

• Nerves are made up of nerve cells or neurones.
• There are three types of neurones
• 1) Sensory neurone
• 2) Motor neurone
• 3) Relay neurone

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Motor Neurone (nerve cell)
The job of the motor neurone is to carry nerve
impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands
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Voluntary Response
Effector

• Voluntary responses are under the control of our
  brains
• For example

Motor Neurone
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Spinal Cord
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Reflexes

• These bypass the brain as they need to be as fast
  as possible
• Stimulus starts the reflex and a number of cells
  are stimulated
• Response is what we do as an outcome to the
  stimulus

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Involuntary response
Effector

• An example

Motor Neurone
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Spinal Cord
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Involuntary Response

• An example

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
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What are drugs?
A drug is any chemical substance that affects
the central nervous system (CNS). Drugs can be
categorised as to whether they are legal or
illegal Some drugs used for pleasure are
legal Name two examples of legal drugs
ALCOHOL
TOBACCO
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STIMULANTS
DEPRESSANTS
PAIN KILLERS
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What is Homeostasis?

• Homeostasis - involves maintaining a constant
  environment in the body
• Homeostasis makes sure our body has the correct
  levels of

Temperature
Oxygen
Water
Carbon dioxide
http//education-portal.com/academy/lesson/homeost
asis-and-temperature-regulation-in-humans.htmlles
son
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What is a hormone?

• Hormones are chemical messengers used in the body
  by the endocrine system.
• Hormones are produced by our glands.
• Which gland produces the hormone insulin?

Pancreas
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The pancreas

• Insulin controls........
• Glucose is a sugar needed by cells for
  respiration
• It is important that the concentration of glucose
  in the blood is kept at a constant level

blood sugar levels in our bodies
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Phototropism
Phototropism is a plants growth response to
light.

• Why is this beneficial to a plant?

• Positive phototropism Growth towards light
• Stem tip
• To get maximum light for photosynthesis
• Negative phototropism Growth away from light
• Root tip
• Less chance of drying out

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Geotropism
Geotropism is a plants growth response to the
earths gravitational field.

• Plant roots exhibit positive geotropism because
  they respond by growing towards the gravitational
  attraction.
• Plant stems (shoots) exhibit negative geotropism
  growing away from the gravitational attraction.

Why might this be useful for a plant?
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In order of size...
2
3
5
1
4
8
6
7
10
9
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The Grangers children have a one in four chance
of getting m alleles from both parents and having
magical ability They also have a one in four
chance of getting M alleles from both parents and
being a muggle They could also get only one m
from their mother or father and still be a
muggle
Mr Granger Mr Granger
m M
Mrs Granger m WW WM
Mrs Granger M WM MM
m
m
m
M
M
M
M
m