Rise of the Romans

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Rise of the Romans
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Geography of Rome

• 800 B.C. small settlement called Rome built
  along Tiber River
• Rome lies near the center of the Italian
  Peninsula
• Region was called Latium, and people living there
  were called Latins
• Language they spoke was called Latin.

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Geography of Rome

• Citys hills provided natural defense from
  enemies
• Tiber River provided nearby port and
  transportation
• Rome was located on key trade routes
• Trade routes crossed the Tiber river
• Extends into Mediterranean Sea
• Mountains Alps and Apennines
• Plenty of farming land and rivers to travel

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Romulus and Remus
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The Founding of RomeLegends and Facts (P. 311)

• 1) According to legend, who founded the city of
  Rome?
• 2) Who were the mother and father of Romes
  founders?
• 3) In two paragraphs, summarize the story of
  Romes creation.
• 4) Why do you think that historians do not
  believe this legend?
• 5) What is it that archaeologists have discovered
  about Rome?

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People of Italy Who influenced the Romans?

• Greeks

• Etruscans

• Many Greeks had settled in the Italian Peninsula
• Greek Mythology influenced Roman mythology
• Ex. Zeus became Jupiter
• Romans also adopted Greek legends and heroes

• Most powerful people in central Italy when Rome
  was founded
• Lived north of Latium
• Skilled artists and builders
• Sailed around Mediterranean
• Learned from Greeks and Phoenicians

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Roman Society (P.322)

• 1) Define patriarchal society
• 2) What could be some of the disadvantages of
  having a patriarchal society?
• 3) Define paterfamilias
• 4) What kind of power did paterfamilias have?

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Roman Society Women (P.322)

• Women in Rome

• Women in Greece

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Life in Rome Rich and Poor (P.323)

• Wealthy Romans

• Poor Romans

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Life in RomeSlaves (P. 324)

• What was life like for slaves in Rome? Provide
  detailed answers.
• What was a famous example of slaves fighting
  back?

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Early Roman Republic

• A Look at the
• Roman Government

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Patricians
Plebeians

• Lower Class (workers)
• 95 of people
• No say in
• government
• Served in the army

• Wealthy Landowners
• Have a say in government
• Held military and religious positions

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Forms of Government in the World

• Monarchy rule by one person (king or queen)
• Democracy rule by the people
• Oligarchy rule by an elite few
• (aristocracy)
• Dictatorship one person absolute rule
• What are the pros and cons of each of these forms
  of government?

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Roman Government Before the Republic

• Rome began as an independent city-state led by
  monarchs
• Kings (monarchs) ruled with much power
• Leader of army
• Main Priest
• Supreme Judge
• Monarchs built first buildings in the Forum
• Kings ruled with consent from wealthy
  aristocrats.
• Senate (Old Man) Older, wealthy men who
  advised the king in important matters.
• Opinion Why do you think that Roman kings needed
  the approval from wealthy Roman aristocrats?

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Tarquin the ProudThe Last of the Roman Kings

• Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
• 7th and final king of Rome
• Etruscan Origin
• Mistreatment of his people led to rebellion by
  Brutus and aristocrats.
• After him, Rome became a republic
• Citizens have the right to vote and elect
  officials
• Do you think that people in the United States
  would allow for a king to rule them? Why or why
  not?

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The Roman Republic

• Romans chose a complex government, which
  included
• Roman Constitution
• System of laws by which a government is organized
• Rule of law
• Law Applied to everyone
• written laws to protect themselves and their
  liberty
• 12 Tables
• Mixed government combined strengths of all forms
  of governments

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Roman Republic Also Included

• Three branches
• Assemblies, Senate, and Magistrate
• Separation of powers
• no one group has all the power
• Each branch had different responsibilities and
  powers
• One branch could stop (check) another branch from
  misusing power
• Limited Power for Officials in Government
• Two consuls instead of a top leader
• Each consul could cancel the action of the other
  (veto power)
• Government officials were chosen for one year
• Why was a veto power necessary for Roman consuls?

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The Roman Republic The System of Checks and
Balances
Monarchical Aristocratic Democratic
Magistrates2 Consuls (elected officials) Senate Assemblies
Directed government and army Acted as judges Acted as chief priest Controlled state budget Could pass laws Advised Consuls Powerful Part of Government Approved/rejected laws Decided on War Could veto actions of magistrate Open to Plebeians
Basis of power need for leadership Basis of power members were richest men in Rome. Basis of power provided most of the soldiers
Limits on power one year term each could veto Limits on power could not control army Limits on power Could not suggest laws
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Assemblies

• Democratic part of government
• All adult males could participate
• Elected officials and passed laws
• Had power because it was composed by most Roman
  citizens, who were the soldiers at the time.

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Senate old men

• 300 men
• Chosen for life
• Advise Consul
• Deal with other countries
• Proposes laws
• Approve public works
• Deal with daily government problems

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The Magistrate

• The Race of Honors How to Become a Consul

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Lower Offices of Magistrates

• Quaestor

• Aedile

• Elected by popular vote (patricians and
  plebeians)
• Financial officer
• Kept track of the states money

• If a quaestor did well, he could seek election as
  an aedile
• Duties
• Public buildings
• Public Games

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Offices of the Magistrate

• Tribune of the Plebs

• Praetors

• Defend lives property of plebeians
• Gathered plebeians to Assembly
• Could veto laws
• 10 elected annually

• 8 elected annually
• Judicial duties
• Gathered Senate
• Supervise defense of Rome
• Govern province after term

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Consuls

• Top government officials
• Two chosen every year
• Headed the army and ran the government
• Served for a short term, avoiding risk of abusing
  power
• Veto Power
• The right of the consul to reject the others
  decision. Latin for I forbid

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Occasional Magistrates

• Dictator
• Named by the Senate in times of emergency
• Served only for 6 months but had complete power
• Why do you think that during times of emergency
  (ex. War) Romans would want to give power to only
  one man?

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Dictator
How the Republic Works Division of Power
1 person
.
2 men
Consuls
300 members
Senate
Rest of population
Assembly
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Growth and Crisis in the Roman Republic
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Struggle with Carthage

• Punic Wars
• Conflict between Rome and Carthage for control
  over the Mediterranean Sea
• Carthage was a city in North Africa
• Carthages most successful general was Hannibal.
  He defeated Rome in several occasions, but was
  finally defeated by Rome.
• Rome attacked Carthage and other Greek
  city-states.
• Rome defeated Carthage obtained control over
  North Africa
• Governors were sent to control new territories

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Crisis in the Republic

• Corruption in the Government
• Wealthy officials broke rules
• Magistrates stole from people
• Used violence to win elections and were disliked
  by poor people
• The republic was not working in favor of the
  people

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Crisis in the Republic

• Economic Struggle
• Gap between rich and poor widens as Roman
  Republic grows.
• Farmers lost their homes and moved to an
  overcrowded city.
• Politicians gave grain to the people, but the
  people wanted land and jobs.
• Tiberius Gracchus and his brother Gaius tried to
  help the poor, but were murdered.

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Crisis in the Republic

• The Power of the Army
• Military became less disciplined and disloyal.
• Only citizens who could afford it worked in the
  army.
• Consul Gaius Marius provided equipment and paid
  poor people to join army
• Soldiers recruited from the poor showed loyalty
  to their generals.

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From Republic to Empire

• Civil War in Rome
• War between two groups in the same nation
• Army Commanders vs. the rest of Government
• Julius Ceasar marched his army into Rome and
  defeated his rivals (Senate and Pompey)
• Julius Ceasar took control of Rome and declared
  himself dictator for life
• Helped the poor and the army, which angered the
  upper classes
• It was the end of the Republic.
• Senators wanted to keep Republic the way it was.
• Group of Senators killed Caesar on a day called
  Ides of March, or March 15, 44 B.C.

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The Republic Collapses

• Beginning of the Empire
• Caesars supporters take control
• Caesar made Octavian his heir.
• Mark Antony and Cleopatras forces are defeated
  by Octavian
• Octavian accepts title of Augustus, greatly
  honored one, and rules Rome.
• He becomes first emperor of Rome.

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Augustus

• Romes 1st emperor
• Held total power over the empire
• Augustus, Romes ablest ruler, creates lasting
  system of government
• Increased soldiers pay.
• Improved life for ordinary people
• Fought corruption in government
• Deified after death declared a god and worshipped

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Pax Romana (Roman Peace)

• Under Augustus, Rome moves from a republic to an
  empire.
• Power no longer resides with citizens, but in a
  single ruler.
• Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity
  known as Pax Romana
• Around 65 million people are able to enjoy a time
  without major wars.

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Rome's Achievements

• Roman Roads
• Paved roads connected the cities and forts of the
  Roman Empire
• Soldiers could march from city to city defend
  them
• Government was made more efficient and
  communication was faster.

• Architecture and Aqueducts
• Concrete was used to build structures because it
  was lighter and easier to use
• Pantheon is an example of these structures
• Built aqueducts to carry clean water to the
  cities
• Public Baths
• Sewers carried waste away from cities.

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Roman Economy

• Romans built a navy and took down pirates in
  Mediterranean Sea
• Trade was cheaper by sea
• Farming was the base of the Roman economy
• Grain was shipped to Rome to feed its enormous
  population
• In exchange for grain, farmers in provinces
  received money

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Popular Entertainment

• Entertainment on massive scale
• Gladiators
• Men who fought each other for public
  entertainment
• Fights were held in arenas such as the Colosseum
• Gladiators were usually slave or criminals
• Some won their freedom and became celebrities

• Chariot Races
• At the Circus Maximus
• Race course for more than 250,000 people
• Horses pulled charioteers

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The Arts

• Mosaics were a design formed with small tiles of
  glass, stone or pottery
• Public building had colorful painted murals
• Statues of gods, heroes and important people

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The Influence of Latin

• Latin was the spoken language of the empire
• Romance languages are the ones developed from
  Latin
• Spanish, Italian, French
• Latin is still used today by the Catholic Church

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Literature

• Oratory
• The art of giving speeches
• Most famous was Cicero
• Taught to politicians
• Poetry
• Virgil, Horace, Ovid
• Satire
• Works of literature that made fun of subjects
• Juvenal mocked Roman life.

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Pompeii

• A.D. 79
• City of Pompeii was destroyed by volcano Vesuvius
• Ash preserved many of the buildings