Ms. Jackson

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The 8 Parts of Speech

• There are eight parts of speech
• nouns
• pronouns
• verbs
• adjectives
• adverbs
• conjunctions
• prepositions
• interjections

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NOUNS

• A noun is a word that names a person, place,
  thing, or idea.
• EXAMPLES OF NOUNS
• The dog walker picked Henry up at noon. names
  a person
• He picked him up at my apartment. names a
  place
• However, he forgot Henrys leash. names a
  thing
• Henry likes to chase squirrels. names a
  (living) thing
• Without his leash, Henry enjoys his freedom.
  names an idea

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PRONOUNS

• A pronoun is a word that replaces or takes the
  place of a noun or another pronoun.
• The most common pronouns are the personal
  pronounsones that refer to people or things.
• Personal pronouns belong in three categories
• first personrefers to the person, people, or
  things speaking
• second personrefers to the person, people, or
  things spoken to
• third personrefers to the person, people, or
  things spoken about
• They can also be categorized as either singular
  (one person or thing) or plural (more than one
  person or thing).

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PRONOUNS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS SINGULAR
PLURAL 1st person I, my, mine, me we, our,
ours, us 2nd person you, your, yours you,
your, yours 3rd person masculine he, his,
him they, their, feminine
she, her, hers theirs,
neuter it, its them
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PRONOUNS
Most pronouns have an antecedent. The antecedent
is the noun(s) to which the pronoun refersor
which it replaces in the sentence. The antecedent
usually appears before the pronoun in the
sentence. Example Henry dragged his leash
through the mud. Henry is the antecedent for
his. Henrys leash is red with yellow paw
prints on it. The noun leash is the
antecedent for the pronoun it. The dogs in
the park enjoy their freedom. The noun dogs is
the antecedent for the pronoun their.
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PRONOUNS
Another type of pronoun is the reflexive
pronoun. Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding
the word self or selves to some of the
personal pronouns 1st person myself,
ourselves 2nd person yourself,
yourselves 3rd person himself, herself,
itself, themselves Example The students had
to do all the work themselves. I myself found
the best hotel for our trip. NOTE The words
hisself and theirselves are not real
words!! Use himself and themselves
instead.
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PRONOUNS
A third type of pronoun is the interrogative
pronoun. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask
a question. They include which, who, whom, and
whose. EXAMPLE Whom did you nominate for class
president? Whose parents will be picking you up
from the dance? Which is the best route to take
to the wedding? NOTE These words are only
interrogative pronouns when they are at the
beginning of a question! Who found your wallet?
Here, who is an interrogative
pronoun. The man who found your wallet just
returned it to the store. Here, who is a
relative pronoun.
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PRONOUNS
A fourth type of pronoun is the demonstrative
pronoun. Demonstrative pronouns are used to
point out (or demonstrate)
a particular person or thing. They include
this, that both singular,
these, and those both plural. EXAMPLE This
was the best game we played all evening. These
will be shipped to your relatives in
Florida. NOTE These words are only
demonstrative pronouns when they are used to
point out some person or thing. That was the
man they arrested. Here, that is a
demonstrative pronoun. The answer that you
gave was wrong. Here, that is a relative
pronoun.
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PRONOUNS
One of the most confusing types of pronouns is
the indefinite pronoun. Indefinite pronouns
are ones that do not refer to a specific
person or thing. An indefinite pronoun does not
usually have an antecedent because it does not
refer to a specific noun. List of indefinite
pronouns SINGULAR another, anybody, anyone,
anything, each, either, everybody, everyone,
everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no
one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone,
something PLURAL both, few, many, others,
several SINGULAR or PLURAL all, any, more,
most, none, some
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VERBS

• A verb is a word that shows actions or state of
  being.
• EXAMPLES OF VERBS
• Henry chased three squirrels in the park. shows
  action
• He did tree one of the squirrels. shows action
• While he waited for the squirrel, Henry played
  with his tail at the base of the tree. shows
  action
• The squirrel was lucky Henry became tired.
  shows state of being
• Henry finally gave up. shows action

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STATE OF BEING VERBS

• STATE OF BEING verbs do not show action. They are
  usually used to link a subject with a predicate
  nominative (noun) or a predicate adjective.
  Heres a list of the most common STATE OF BEING
  verbs
• is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, seem,
  appear, grow, continue, stay, remain
• A verb (phrase) often includes an auxiliary or
  helping verb. These verbs include
• is, are, was, were, am, be, been, will, shall,
  have, has, had, would, could, should, do, does,
  did, can, may, might, must and seem

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VERBS
Be careful not to confuse STATE OF BEING verbs
with auxiliary or helping verbs. Many are the
same verbs but are used differently in the
sentence. The auxiliary verbs join with another
verb (either an action or a state of being verb)
to change the tense (time) of the verb.
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ADJECTIVES

• An adjective is a word that modifies or describes
  a noun or a pronoun.
• EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVES
• The experienced dog walker picked Henry up at
  noon. both underlined words DESCRIBE what type
  of walker picked Henry up.
• He picked him up at my tiny apartment. tells
  what kind of apartment
• However, he forgot Henrys favorite leash.
  tells which leash
• Henry likes to chase the gray squirrels. tells
  which squirrels
• Without his leash, Henry enjoys his wonderful
  freedom. DESCRIBES his freedom

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ADVERBS

• An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a
  verb. It answers the question when, where,
  how, to what extent or degree, or under what
  conditions.
• EXAMPLES OF ADVERBS
• The dog walker arrived promptly. tells HOW he
  arrived
• He often picks him up at my apartment. tells TO
  WHAT EXTENT or UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS
• He did not forget Henrys leash. modified the
  verb phrase did forget
• Henry playfully chased the squirrels. tells HOW
  he chased
• Henry ran home without his leash. tells WHERE
  he ran

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CONJUNCTIONS

• A conjunction is a word that connects other
  sentence parts. The most common conjunctions are
  called coordinating conjunctions. They include
• and, but, or, nor, so, for, yet
• One way to remember all the coordinating
  conjunctions is to think of the acronym FANBOYS
  (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
• EXAMPLES OF CONJUNCTIONS
• The dog walker or his assistant will pick Henry
  up at noon.
• He picked him up at my apartment and took him
  to the park.
• Henry likes to walk but hates his leash.

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CONJUNCTIONS
A second type of conjunction is the
correlative conjunctions. These are paired
conjunctions that link balanced words, phrases,
or clauses. The pairs include both . . . and,
either . . . or, neither . . . nor, not . . .
but, not only . . . but also EXAMPLES OF
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Not only the dog
walker but also his assistant loves to play
fetch with Henry. We usually give Henry
either a toy or a treat when he returns. Henry
likes both walking and running through the
leaves.
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PREPOSITIONS

• A preposition is a word that shows the
  relationship between a noun or pronoun (or
  nouns/pronouns) and the rest of the sentence.
• EXAMPLES OF PREPOSITIONS
• The dog walker took Henry to the park. The
  preposition to shows the connection or
  relationship between the noun park and where
  the dog walker took Henry.
• He picked him up at my apartment. names a
  place
• Luckily, he arrived before Henrys nap. The
  preposition before shows the relationship
  between the noun nap and when he arrived.

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PREPOSITIONS
There is one very simple rule about prepositions.
And, unlike most rules, this rule has no
exceptions A preposition is followed by a noun.
It is never followed by a verb. A preposition
cannot be followed by a verb. If we want to
follow a preposition by a verb, we must use the
"-ing" form (which is really a gerundor verb in
noun form). When the word to is followed by a
verb, it is part of an infinitive (an
unconjugated verb)not a preposition. I would
like to go now. The word to is part of the
infinitive to go. She carried her books to her
locker. The word to is a preposition
showing the relationship between locker and
where she carried her books.
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PREPOSITIONS
There are a couple of old tricks for
identifying prepositions. One is to think of a
box or a garbage can above, on top
of
beside
below, beneath, under
Any word that can show the relationship between
that box or can and another object will be a
preposition.
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PREPOSITIONS
There are a couple of old tricks for
identifying prepositions. Another is to use
this sentence The squirrel ran ________ the
tree. Any word that will complete that
sentence appropriately will be a
preposition. The squirrel ran up the tree, down
the tree, inside the tree, around the tree,
through the tree, beneath the tree, across the
tree, past the tree, against the tree,
etc.
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PREPOSITIONS
The common prepositions include aboard
before during off to / toward about
behind except on under above
below following onto underneath across
beneath for opposite unlike after
beside from outside until against
besides in over up / upon along
between inside past versus amid
beyond into plus via among
by like regarding with around
concerning minus since within as
despite near than without at down
of through Note Check through this
list and circle all the prepositions that do not
work with the tricks described
earlier. Remember those prepositions in
particular.
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INTERJECTIONS

• An interjection is an exclamation expressing
  strong feeling. Interjections can be single words
  such as Oh! or Hey! or short phrases such as
  No way! Interjections are often followed by
  exclamation points.
• EXAMPLES OF INTERJECTIONS
• Oh no! Henry has escaped from his leash.
• Rats! Hes almost impossible to catch when he
  gets loose.
• Gee, hes such a cute dog when hes
  well-behaved.