Ancient Egypt

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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt
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Egyptian Society

• The PHAROAH was at the top of the social
  hierarchy.

Next to him, the most powerful officers were the
VIZIERS and HIGH PRIESTS, the executive heads of
the bureaucracy, and religion.
Next were the ROYAL OVERSEERS (administrators)
who ensured that the 42 DISTRICT GOVERNORS
carried out the pharaoh's orders.
At the bottom were the SCRIBES, ARTISANS,
FARMERS, LABORERS.
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ROYAL PALACES, were CITIES IN THEMSELVES,
included separate residences, a temple and a
workers village.
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The HOMES OF THE WEALTHY were larger and more
luxurious. SPACIOUS reception and living rooms
opened onto a CENTRAL GARDEN COURTYARD with a
fish pond and flowering plants. Each bedroom had
a PRIVATE BATHROOM, and the walls, columns and
ceilings were painted with BEAUTIFUL DESIGNS
inspired by nature. Elaborate and highly
DECORATED FURNITURE included beds, chairs, boxes
and tables. PAINTED CLAY POTS and vessels, as
well as ALABASTER BOWLS AND JARS, were also found
in the homes of the nobles.
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A villa from the city of Amarna
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CRAFTWORKERS lived in one- or two-storey
FLAT-ROOFED DWELLINGS made of mud bricks. The
walls and roof would have been covered with
plaster and painted. Inside, there was a
RECEPTION ROOM, a LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS and a
CELLAR in which food and beverages were stored.
Food was prepared in an OUTDOOR KITCHEN equipped
with a mud-brick oven. Stairs on the exterior of
the house led to a ROOF-TOP TERRACE.
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Ancient Egyptian Housing
Middle Class Homes
Peasant Homes
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Social Roles

• Role of Men
• Head of the family
• Men could have numerous wives but economically
  men had only 1 wife
• Labourers, craftsmen
• Jobs were hereditary
• Jobs
• Labour required for construction projects and was
  mostly filled by poor, serfs
• Stability of Egypt thrived as skilled trades
  were passed from father to son
• Children always learned the trade from parents
  seldom could choose occupation

• Role of Women
• Well treated and had considerable legal
  rightscompared to other civilizations
• Same legal rights as men (land, property,
  divorce)
• Women could be economically independent
• Primary role was in domestic life
• Common title for a married women in ancient Egypt
  was nebet per meaning the lady of the house
• Bear and raise children

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Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
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Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
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Making Ancient Egyptian Wine
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An Egyptian Womans Must-Haves
Mirror
Perfume
Whigs
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Egyptian Nobility
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Egyptian Priestly Class
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Egyptian Scribe
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Papyrus ? Paper
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Papyrus Plant
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Hieroglyphics
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Champollion the Rosetta Stone
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• What is the Rosetta Stone?
• The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it
  in two languages (Egyptian and Greek), using
  three scripts (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek).
  It was carved in 196 BCE.
• Why is it in three different scripts?
• The Rosetta Stone is written in three scripts
  (hieroglyphs for religious documents demotic-
  common script of Egypt Greek- language of the
  rulers of Egypt at that time)
• The Rosetta Stone was written in all three
  scripts so that the priests, government officials
  and rulers of Egypt could read what it said.
• When was the Rosetta Stone found?
• The Rosetta Stone was found in 1799 by French
  soldiers who were rebuilding a fort in Egypt (in
  a small village in Delta called Rosetta (Rashid)
• What does the Rosetta Stone say?
• The Rosetta Stone is a text written by a group of
  priests in Egypt to honour the Egyptian pharaoh.
  It lists all of the things that the pharaoh had
  done that were good for the priests and the
  people of Egypt.

Rosetta Stone
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Hieroglyphic Cartouche
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Hieroglyphics Alphabet
24 letters 700 phonetic symbols
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• History of Writing 1) pictograms (sun sun)
  2) ideograms (sun sun, daylight, warmth,
  light)3) phonograms symbols that suggest a
  particular sound related ideas and also sound
  (Sun sun, son, Sunday)
• Each hieroglyph found in pyramids and tombs often
  symbolized more than one consonant. Not only
  that, but actual Egyptian hieroglyphs were a
  combination of sound-signs, pictograms, and
  ideograms. No wonder it was so hard to decode
  them!

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• New Kingdom 700 hieroglyphs in common usage,
  while rest were phonograms
• 100 were strictly visual, while rest were
  phonograms
• Eventually scribes adapted hieroglyphic symbols
• By 700 BCE, script was refined to the demotic (or
  popular script) was used for secular matters such
  as letters, accounts and record keeping

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Education

• Original purpose of schools was to train priests
• Subjects taught
• Reading writing
• Math
• Religious ceremonies rituals
• Eventually temple schools provided more general
  education
• Usually schools attended only by the wealthy
• Girls did not attend school
• Taught domestic skills at home
• Students took notes on scraps of pottery -
  Papyrus was expensive only used by advanced
  students
• Strict discipline

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Education

• Contributed to stability and continuity of Egypt
• All children, regardless of social class,
  received some education
• Followed a moral and ethical guide Instructions
  in Wisdom
• Goal for education was to ensure youth exhibited
  self control and good manners
• At 14, young boys followed fathers in jobs, and
  girls learned from mothers in the household
• Children of priests were schooled more formally
• Literacy was stressed for government jobs
• Education respected for creating a well rounded
  individual

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Egyptian Math Draftsmenship

1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
What number is this?
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legal traditions

• Law was governed by religious principle of Maat
• GODDESS MAAT represented truth, righteousness
  and justice balance and order
• Laws were applied equally to all classes
  specifically protected the family (children and
  wives)
• Punishments could be quite severe- act as a
  deterent or disgrace the guilty (Examples
  minor crimes had 100 lashed rapist were
  castrated corrupt officials had their hands
  amputated crimes that resulted in a death
  sentence could have choice devoured by a
  crocodile, suicide, burning alive)

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Religion
Atum

• The Egyptians were deeply religious people
• religious roots were in the worship of nature
  deities their first gods were in animal forms
• Those responsible for creation were the most
  important gods (Atum is the creator God)
• They later developed national gods around the
  Middle Kingdom (Amon- local god of Thebes gods
  of Dead Osiris, Anubis, Horus and Thoth)
• Religion was instrumental to stability of Egypt
  (life, social structure, education, laws, rule of
  Pharaoh, economy, death, afterlife)

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Egyptian Gods GoddessesThe Sacred Trinity
Osiris Isis Horus
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Creation Story
Gods and Goddesses
GEB
TEFNUT
NUT

• ATUM

• NUT

MAAT
HORUS
SHU
ANUBIS
ISIS
ATUM
Website Gods and Goddesses
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Entering a Temple
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Life and Death

• Life and death was measured in accordance to
  Maat the goddess and symbol of equilibrium of
  the universe and the king had to rule according
  to her principles
• Death viewed as a new beginning
• Afterlife common to all, regardless of social
  status (preparation varied as well as goods
  stored in tombs)
• 2 Common Principles 1) body preservation
  in a lifelike form 2) the deceased must have
  items necessary for life in the afterworld
• Personal belongings were usually placed in the
  tomb to make the Ka more at home and to assist
  the dead in their journey into the afterlife.
• Text was read from the 'Book of the Dead' which
  was a collection of spells, charms, passwords,
  numbers and magical formulas for the use of the
  deceased in the afterlife.

MAAT-symbol of the equilibrium of the universe
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Mummification

• Mummification focused on Egyptian belief of the
  importance of preserving the body
• Afterlife would be spent enjoying best of life
  experiences
• Body covered with natron and dried for up to 70
  days
• Body wrapped in linen coated with resins and oils
• Middle Kingdom became customary to place a mask
  over the face

• Removal of organs (lungs, stomach, intestines,
  liver) in Canopic Jars were closed with stoppers
  fashioned in the shape of four heads -- human,
  baboon, falcon, and jackal - representing the
  four protective spirits called the Four Sons of
  Horus.
• brain was sucked out of the cranial cavity and
  thrown away because the Egyptian's thought it was
  useless.

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Preparations for the Underworld
ANUBIS weighs the dead persons heart against a
feather.
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
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Materials Used in Mummification
1. Linen 6.
Natron2. Sawdust
7. Onion3. Lichen
8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax
9. Linen Pads5. Resin
10. Frankinsense
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Preparation for the Afterlife
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Egyptian Mummies
Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C.
E.
Seti I1291-1278 B. C. E.
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Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on the Solar Bark.
A boat for the journey is provided for a dead
pharaoh in his tomb.
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Anubis
Horus Osiris

• This scene depicts what occurs after a person has
  died, according to the ancient Egyptians.
• panel of 14 judges
• Ka (soul /spiritual duplicate), ba (personality)
  ankh (form mummy took in afterlife / the key of
  life)
• Weighing of the heart vs Maat
• Judgment of scale
• record of the outcome

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Egyptian Book of the Dead
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Shabtis The Pharaohs Servants in the
Afterlife
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Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
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Bent Pyramid of King Sneferu
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Giza Pyramid Complex
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Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
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Pyramids were part of a FUNERARY COMPLEX. The
complex includes a PROCESSIONAL CAUSEWAY that
links a FUNERARY TEMPLE to the pyramid, SOLAR
BARQUES buried on the four sides of the pyramid,
and MASTABAS and smaller pyramids where the
family of the king and nobles were buried
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The Valley of the Kings
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Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
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Entrance to King Tuts Tomb
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King Tutankhamons Death Mask
1336-1327 B. C. E.
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King Tutankhamon
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King Tutankhamuns Tomb
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Treasures From Tuts Tomb
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The Valley of the Queens
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
1473-1458 B. C. E.
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Ankhenaton First Monotheist?
1352-1336 B. C. E.
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The Ankh The Cross of Life
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QueenNefertiti
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Abu SimbelMonument to Ramses II
1279-1213 B. C. E.