Ancient Egypt

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Ancient Egypt

• Mummification

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OPENING OF THE MOUTH

• 'Opening of the mouth' tool The ancient Egyptians
  believed that in order for a person's soul to
  survive in the afterlife it would need to have
  food and water. A special ritual called the
  'Opening of the Mouth' was performed so that the
  person who died could eat and drink again in the
  afterlife. This tool was probably used in an
  'Opening of the Mouth' ceremony like the one
  shown below.

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OPENING OF THE MOUTH TOOL



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Embalming the body

• First, the Pharohs body is taken to the tent
  known as 'ibu' or the 'place of purification'.
  There the embalmers wash his body with
  good-smelling palm wine and rinse it with water
  from the Nile.
• One of the embalmer's men makes a cut in the
  left side of the body and removes many of the
  internal organs. It is important to remove these
  because they are the first part of the body to
  decompose. The liver, lungs, stomach and
  intestines are washed and packed in natron which
  will dry them out. The heart is not taken out of
  the body because it is the centre of intelligence
  and feeling and the man will need it in the
  afterlife. A long hook is used to smash the brain
  and pull it out through the nose.

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• Hapy the baboon-headed god looks after the
  lungs.
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  Duamutef the jackal-headed god looks after the
  stomach.
• Qebehsenuef the falcon-headed god looks after the
  intestines.
• Imsety the human headed god protects the liver.

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• The body is covered and stuffed with natron which
  will dry it out. All of the fluids and rags from
  the embalming process will be saved and buried
  along with the body. After forty days the body is
  washed again with water from the Nile. Then the
  skin is covered in oils.

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• The ancient Egyptians believed that the afterlife
  was very much like the Egypt that they lived in.
  Thus, there was a lot work to be done in the home
  and in the fields.
• Shabtis were small figures who would magically
  come to life and work instead of their 'master'
  or 'mistress' whenever there was work to be done
  in the afterlife. Some people had enough shabtis
  and 'overseers'(to keep the shabtis in order)
  buried with them so there was one for each day of
  the year.

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Wrapping the mummy

• The arms and legs are wrapped separately.
  Between the layers of wrapping, the embalmers
  place amulets to protect the body in its journey
  through the underworld. This is the 'Isis knot'
  amulet which will protect the body.

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Isis knot

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Plummet Amulet

• This is the 'Plummet' amulet which will keep the
  person balanced in the next life.

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• A priest reads spells out loud while the mummy
  is being wrapped. These spells will help ward off
  evil spirits and help the deceased make the
  journey to the afterlife.

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Priest reading spells
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• The arms and legs are tied together. A papyrus
  scroll with spells from the Book of the Dead is
  placed between the wrapped hands.

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• More linen strips are wrapped around the body.
  At every layer, the bandages are painted with
  liquid resin that helps to glue the bandages
  together.

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• A cloth is wrapped around the body and a picture
  of the god Osiris is painted on its surface

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• Finally, a large cloth is wrapped around the
  entire mummy. It is attached with strips of linen
  that run from the top to the bottom of the mummy,
  and around its middle. A board of painted wood is
  placed on top of the mummy before the mummy is
  lowered into its coffin. The first coffin is then
  put inside a second coffin. The funeral is held
  for the deceased pharaoh and his sorrowful
  family.

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• The early ancient Egyptians buried their dead in
  pits in the desert. The heat and dryness from the
  desert preserved the bodies and left life like
  and natural mummies.

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Geography on Ancient Egypt

• Geography The ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt
  as being divided into two types of land, the
  'black land' and the 'red land'. The 'black land'
  was the fertile land on the banks of the Nile.
  The ancient Egyptians used this land for growing
  their crops. This was the only land in ancient
  Egypt that could be farmed because a layer of
  rich, black silt was deposited there every year
  after the Nile flooded. The 'red land' was the
  barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides.
  These deserts separated ancient Egypt from
  neighbouring countries and invading armies. They
  also provided the ancient Egyptians with a source
  for precious metals and semi-precious stones.

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• From around 3200 B.C. on, Egypt became a powerful
  centre of civilization in the ancient world, and
  exerted a powerful influence on the shaping of
  the history of Palestine.
• Ancient Egypt geography was centred around the
  Nile River, and its civilization flourished as a
  result of the Nile's nourishment.
• So ancient was Egypt, that when Abraham fled the
  famine in Palestine, and crossed the Sinai into
  Egypt, the Pharaohs had been ruling for over a
  thousand years.

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• The geography of ancient Egypt is composed of two
  geographical regions, Upper Egypt and Lower
  Egypt, with modern day Cairo acting as the
  divider.
• .

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• CREATED BY

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• CREATED BY Thomas Fitzpatrick