Today: Ideology

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Today Ideology

• What is an ideology?
• A belief system that
• specifies the nature of the good society and
• how to achieve it
• Not testable not subject to evaluation based
  on evidence

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Ideologies

• Ideologies, belief systems relevant to
  contemporary China
• Confucianism
• Legalism
• Liberalism
• Nationalism
• Marxism-Leninism
• Maoism

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Confucianism

• Examples of Confucianisms relevance today?

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Confucianism

• Ideal of social harmony
• Through knowing ones place
• 4 bonds
• Ruler/minister
• Father/son
• Husband/wife
• Elder/younger
• Benevolence ?
• ? Deference

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Confucianism

• Importance of moral exemplars and correct
  thinking/behavior
• Especially by
• Emperor
• Elites
• Self-cultivation
• Following moral exemplars
• Through education

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Confucianism

• Conservative ideology that idealizes the past

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Confucian Ideology

• Mandate of heaven
• Right to rebel
• When rulers neglect their subjects well-being

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How did a benevolent ruler deserving of the
Mandate of Heaven rule?

• Normal functions of the Qing State
• Propagation of ideology, perpetuation of system
  of rule
• Tax collection
• Maintenance of public order
• Maintenance of basic infrastructure
• Provision of minimal social welfare and relief

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Losing the Mandate of Heaven

• Normal functions of the Qing State
• progressively undermined
• by internal and external sources of decline in
  the 19th Century.

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Internal Sources of Decline in the 19th Century

• Phenomenal population increase
• Increasing economic competition for survival
• Corruption of regime
• Series of major rebellions

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Series of Major Rebellions in 19th C

• Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
• Nian Rebellion (1853-1868)
• Others
• suppressed by provincial armies outside of
  central state control
• Est. 100 million deaths in rebellions

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Losing the Mandate of Heaven

• Qing Dynasty seen as losing the Mandate of
  heaven

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External Sources of Decline in the 19th Century

• Defeat in wars with Western powers and Japan
• Opium Wars
• 1839-1842
• 1856-1860
• Sino-Japanese War
• 1894-1895

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External Sources of Decline in the 19th Century

• Imperialism posed fundamental challenge to belief
  system
• Traditional exam system abolished 1905

Contrast Macartney Mission 1793
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Confucianism

• How did Confucianism itself come to be
  discredited among intellectuals and students by
  the 20th Century?

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The Shadow of Confucianism
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• Introduce discussion groups
• What is the shadow of Confucianism?

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The Shadow of Confucianism
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• What is democracy? Percent
• Responding
• Procedural 24.6
• Minben (substantive) 14.1
• Mixed 4.6
• Incoherent 14.7
• Dont know 42.0
• minben (??)
• Source Shijian Tian Jie Lu, The Shadow of
  Confucianism
• Survey of 3,183 PRC residents

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The Shadow of Confucianism
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• Confucian notion of minben
• Rulership should be entrusted to those with
  superior knowledge and virtue
• Legitimacy is defined by substance how well the
  regime performs and cares for its people
• Ordinary citizens have the right to participate
  only under extreme conditionsif a rule loses the
  Mandate of Heaven

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The Shadow of Confucianism
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• What is democracy? Percent
• Responding
• Procedural 24.6 ? potential challenge to regime
  
• Minben (substantive) 14.1
• Mixed 4.6
• Incoherent 14.7
• Dont know 42.0
• minben (??)
• Source Shijian Tian Jie Lu, The Shadow of
  Confucianism

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The Shadow of Confucianism
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• What is democracy? Percent
• Responding
• Procedural 24.6
• Minben (substantive) 14.1 ? potential support
  for regime
• Mixed 4.6
• Incoherent 14.7
• Dont know 42.0
• minben (??)
• Source Shijian Tian Jie Lu, The Shadow of
  Confucianism
• Survey of 3,183 PRC residents

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The Shadow of Confucianism
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• What is democracy? Percent
• Responding
• Procedural 24.6
• Minben (substantive) 14.1
• Mixed 4.6
• Incoherent 14.7
• Dont know 42.0 ? not threatening for regime
• minben (??)
• Source Shijian Tian Jie Lu, The Shadow of
  Confucianism
• Survey of 3,183 PRC residents

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Nationalism

• Rise of nationalism in early 20th C

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Nationalist Party (founded 1912) KMT
kuo-min-tang ??? guomindang

• Sun Yat-sen
• Nationalist ideology
• Three Peoples Principles
• Nationalism
• Democracy
• Peoples livelihood

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Chinese Communist Party (founded 1921) CCP ???
gongchandang

• Marxism-Leninism
• Radical, egalitarian
• Emphasis on
• Social transformation
• National self-determination
• ? Next class importance of nationalism in CCP
  platform/agenda

CCP co-founder Chen Duxiu
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Marxism

• Economy (material foundation)
• It is not the consciousness of men that
  determines their existence, but, on the contrary,
  their social (material) existence determines
  their consciousness.
• Scientific theory of the development of history
• Feudalism? Capitalism? Socialism? Communism
• Class
• Based on relationship to means of production
• In the case of capitalism
• Owners of capital
• Suppliers of labor (proletariat)
• Class conflict
• Drives politics
• Logic of capitalist competition necessitates
  increasing exploitation of workers
• Mass of workers would eventually overthrow the
  few capitalists
• Note that socialism follows developed capitalism

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Leninism

• New kind of political party
• Bolshevik Party
• Conspiratorial, vanguard party
• Leads nascent working class
• Activists organize in the workers interest
• Democratic centralism
• party discipline
• Contributed analysis of imperialism as highest
  stage of capitalism

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Maoism

• Voluntarism
• Mass mobilization
• Egalitarianism
• Self-reliance
• Red vs. Expert
• Revolutionary potential of the peasantry

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Confucianism and Maoism

• Mao rejected Confucianism, but notice
• Cultivation of moral/political exemplars
• Redness not expertise
• Will/Voluntarism
• Where theres a will theres a way
• Idea that the key to effective action lies in
  first transforming the hearts of men comes from
  the Confucian tradition.
• Un-Marxist

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Wrap-up

• Todayisms
• Next class
• Develop theme of nationalism
• Bianco Nationalism and Revolution
• Also, what happened to Liberalism?
• Introduce theme of revolutionary change
• Perry on the Chinese peasantry
• Rebellious tradition of peasantry
• Predatory vs. protective strategies of peasant
  survival
• Primary source
• Mao, Report on an Investigation of the Peasant
  Movement in Hunan
• In lecture how did the CCP mobilize peasant
  support?