What Are We Learning Today?

1
What Are We Learning Today?

• 3.5 Analyze the extent to which the practices of
  political and economic systems reflect principles
  of liberalism.

2
The Will of the People

• A democracy is a form of govt in which power is
  ultimately vested in the ppl.
• Two forms that exist are direct and
  representative democracy. In direct democracy,
  the people participate in deciding issues
  directly. In a representative democracy, elected
  officials who represent the ppl make laws in
  their interests.

3
Direct Democracy

• Direct democracy operates on the belief that
  every citizens voice is important and necessary
  for the orderly and efficient operation of
  society.
• Why doesnt everyone use direct democracy if its
  more democratic?
• However, direct democracy can often be
  impractical. For it to effectively work it needs
  a relatively small of ppl who can get together
  in 1 space to discuss issues, then make decisions
  based on the majority vote.

4
Initiatives

• There are some characteristics of direct
  democracy that are found in the practices of many
  liberal democracies. They can exist in the forms
  of initiatives, referendums/plebiscites, and
  recalls.
• Citizens in the US use initiatives to create
  legislation. To create an initiative, a citizens
  group draws up a petition. If the petition is
  signed by a certain of citizens, it can force a
  public vote on an issue.
• Pg. 337-338

5
Referendums/Plebiscites

• In referendums or plebiscites, all citizens may
  vote on whether to accept or reject a proposed
  piece of legislation. Referendums, in effect,
  refer the decision to the ppl. The word
  plebiscite literally means the common ppl
  speak.
• There have been only 3 referendums held at the
  federal level in Canadas history, yet numerous
  municipal and provincial plebiscites have been
  held over the years.

6
Recalls

• In a recall election, a majority of voters may
  choose to remove an elected official or govt
  from power. This is usually initiated through a
  petition.
• In Canada, only BC allows recalls at the
  provincial level. If enough registered voters
  sign a petition to recall a Member of the
  Legislative Assembly (MLA), the Speaker announces
  the recall, and a by-election is held as soon as
  possible. Since recalls were enacted in 1995,
  over 20 recall efforts have been launched, but no
  one has actually been recalled so far.

7
Representative Democracy

• Most modern liberal democracies, because of their
  size and complexity, use a form of RD.
• In RD, the will of the ppl is expressed in the
  selection of representatives to the govt during
  elections. RD ensure that those elected remain
  true to the will of the ppl through periodic
  elections, the presence of multiple political
  parties, the separation of powers among different
  branches of govt, an independent media, and the
  rule of law. These act as tools to establish
  basic citizen rights freedoms, and to prevent
  abuse by those who exercise power.

8
Canadas Parliamentary Democracy

• Copy figure 10-7 pg. 339
• There are many variations of rep. democracies.
  Canada has a parliamentary democracy that follows
  a tradition known as responsible govt.
• Responsible govt a form of representative
  democracy in which the branch of govt that
  proposes the laws, (the executive branch), is
  dependent on the support of elected members, (the
  legislative branch).
• Pg. 339

9
Ridings/Constituencies

• Because Canada, like most liberal democracies,
  operates on the basis of representation by
  population, the entire country is divided into
  electoral districts, ideally of 100,000 ppl,
  which are called ridings or constituencies.
• Canadas electoral process is known as a
  single-member constituency, which means each
  constituency sends a single representative to the
  House of Commons in the federal parliament in
  Ottawa.

10
Why the further north you go do the
constituencies get bigger? (pg. 340)
11
First-past-the-post

• Our system is also sometimes referred to as
  first-past-the-post because, as in a horse
  race, candidates who pass a certain point in the
  race with the highest of votes in each of their
  ridings win). http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonto
  nE28094St._Albert

12
Bicameral Legislature

• Like many govt systems, Canada has a bicameral
  (two-chamber) legislature to provide 2 different
  forms of representation. Canadas 105 member
  Senate is based on region rather than by
  population.
• Senators are not elected as a seat becomes
  vacant in the Senate, the prime minister appoints
  a new senator (who may remain until age 75) to
  fill it.

13
Is there a point to the Senate?

• Any piece of legislation that has been passed by
  the H of C MUST also be passed by the Senate
  before it can become law.
• It is extremely rare, however, for the Senate to
  reject a bill that has been approved by the H of
  C. This is why so many ppl dont see a point to
  having a Senate.
• It is, however, common for the Senate to
  recommend changes (amendments) to bills passed by
  the H of C, and to have the H of C consider and
  pass the bill as amended by the Senate.

14
The US Republican Democracy

• Unlike Canada, which has a monarch, the US
  follows a republican system of govt. A republic
  is a country where the ppl are sovereign and
  there is no king or queen.
• Like Canada, the US has 3 branches of govt
  legislative, executive, and judicial. To ensure
  that the govt adheres to liberal principles, the
  US uses a system of checks and balances to make
  sure that no branch of the govt becomes too
  powerful.

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Checks and Balances Will of the People

• This system was created based on the beliefs that
  checks and balances would keep the govt too weak
  to override the will of the ppl, and that the
  least intrusive govt provides more freedom to
  its citizens.
• Essentially, this system allows the will of the
  people to be maintained and never gives any
  branch of govt too much power.

17
2 Chambers of US Congress

• - House of Representatives
• single-member constituency system
• country is divided into electoral districts based
  on representation by population.
• 435 members elected every 2 years.
• Senate.
• Senate is elected as well. Each state has 2
  senators, regardless of population, who are
  elected every 6 years. The elections for the
  Senate are staggered (1/3 of Senate seats every 2
  years).
• ensures that there are always experienced
  senators who can carry on business help
  initiate new senators.

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http//politicalmaps.org/
20
How a Bill is Passed in the US

• Legislation is voted on in both the House and the
  Senate, if it passes, it can be signed into a law
  by the president.
• A president can choose not to sign a bill into
  law (veto). A vetoed bill is sent back to the
  house of Congress.
• Here, the members of that house can pass a
  revised bill and submit it again for the
  presidents signature, or they can override his
  veto with a 2/3rds majority vote. Thus, a bill
  can be made into a law without the presidents
  approval.

21
How is the President in the US Determined?

• In Canada generally, the party that obtains the
  most seats in Parliament becomes the govt, and
  its leader is the PM.
• In US, the ppl go to the polls and vote for the
  presidential candidate of their choice by voting
  for electors pledged to support their choice of
  candidate. The president is actually elected by a
  body known as the Electoral College.
• Pg. 342 Figure 10-10

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25
What are the advantages/disadvantages of a 2
party system?
26
Americas Two-Party System

• The US has essentially a 2 party system. It is
  extremely difficult for a 3rd party to win.
• While this has the advantage of stability, it is
  virtually impossible to challenge the established
  parties to consider minority opinions.
• However, the party with the most seats in
  Congress usually has the support of the majority
  of voters.

27
Proportional Representation

• In Sweden and many other countries, the govt
  uses a different form of representation
  proportional representation.
• In this system, citizens vote directly for a
  party, and then representatives are assigned
  based on the amount of popular support obtained.
• The system encourages and legitimizes
  participation by a minority or marginal parties
  who would not obtain representation in the
  systems used in Canada or the US.

28
Proportional Representation Minority Governments

• Usually, countries using a prop. representation
  system have many more political parties than
  countries using a single-member constituency.
• This often results in coalitions where 2 or more
  parties must work together to form the govt. On
  occasion, a minority govt might be formed.
• In Sweden, 4 major parties have had the most
  political control and have formed coalition
  govts for years.
• Pg. 343 Figure 10-11

29
For Homework

• Read Examining Proportional Representation on
  pg. 344-345.
• Answer questions 1-3 (you will need a
  calculator).
• Due tomorrow.

30
Challenges to the Will of the Ppl Voter Turnout

• Pg. 347
• Figure 10-14
• Figure 10-15
• Pause Reflect

31
What is Authoritarianism?

• Authoritarianism describes a form of govt that
  vests authority in an elite group that may or may
  not rule in the interests of the ppl. It can take
  many forms, including oligarchies, military
  dictatorships, ideological one-party states, and
  monarchies.

32
Authoritarianism Will of the Ppl

• Authoritarian systems of govt are generally
  regarded by outsiders as being unconcerned with
  the will of the ppl, but this is not necessarily
  true.
• Authoritarian govts may claim that order and
  security are more important than freedom, and,
  like a wise father figure, will make decisions in
  the interests of the ppl.

33
Is a democracy necessarily always the best form
of govt?Why do you think we have been
conditioned to think that it usually is?
34
Democracy Not Necessarily Better

• Although it is easy for us to view democracy as
  better than any of the systems presented here
  especially since many of the govts that will be
  discussed are infamous for enforcing their laws
  through repressive and brutal measures some of
  these systems have developed in response to
  particular historical conditions or as attempts
  to counter the challenges and problems faced by
  democracies that were discussed earlier.
• Many authoritarian govts also believe that they
  are serving the best interests of the country.

35
Oligarchies

• Oligarchy is a form of govt in which political
  power rests with a small elite segment of
  society. They are often controlled by politically
  powerful families who pass on their influence to
  their children.
• Present-day Russia has been called an oligarchy
  because of the power that some individuals,
  previously associated with the Communist party in
  the Soviet Union, gained after the fall of
  communism.

36
Some ppl have argued that all democracies
eventually end up being run like an oligarchy.
What do you think is meant by this?
(US 2 party country Clinton/Bush Obama/McCain)
37
One-Party State

• A one-party state is a type of system where only
  1 party forms the govt and no other parties are
  permitted to run candidates for election. Some of
  the appearances of democracy exist but the
  absence of choice and the barriers against change
  eliminate the liberal democratic principle of the
  will of the ppl.
• One-party states are often communist states, but
  they describe themselves as a peoples republic,
  socialist republic, or democratic republic to
  indicate that they somehow embody the will of the
  ppl.

38
Pros of a One-Party State

• Supporters of a 1-party state often point to the
  sense of unity, strength, and community that a
  single-party govt can give to a country. They
  argue multi-party systems introduce too much
  division and conflict, which impedes economic and
  political development.

39
Cons of a One-Party State

• Critics say that this system is not truly
  democratic, nor represents the will of the ppl,
  since a choice of only 1 party is really no
  choice at all. However, in some single-party
  states, such as Italy under Mussolini,
  constituents often could choose for which
  candidates to vote, although they were all from
  the Fascist party.

40
Military Dictatorships

• A military dictatorship, sometimes known as a
  military junta, is a form of govt in which
  political power resides with the military
  leadership.
• Like any dictatorship, a military dictatorship
  can be official or unofficial, and sometimes
  mixed forms exist where the military exerts
  strong influence over those in power. Military
  dictatorships often come to power through a coup
  d'état, in which the existing govt is overthrown
  by military personnel.

41
How could a military justify taking over a
country to its people?
42
Military Dictatorship Rationale

• Some military dictatorships have justified their
  claims to power as a way of bringing political
  stability to their countries or of rescuing them
  from dangerous ideologies.
• Military regimes tend to portray themselves as
  neutral 3rd parties who can provide interim
  leadership during times of turmoil. This is seen
  as better for the ppl in the long run, even if
  the will of the ppl needs to be ignored or
  undermined in the short term.
• Figure 10-21 pg. 361

43
Techniques of Authoritarian Govts Vision

• 1 of the most important aspects of any ideology,
  including those of authoritarian govts, is a
  vision an idea of what the country could be if
  led by a leader who could obtain the vision.
• Some visions revolve around security protecting
  the country from some perceived threat.
• Hitler Stalin

44
Propaganda

• Propaganda is the use of a set of messages
  designed to influence the opinions or behaviours
  of large numbers of ppl.
• Propaganda is never neutral there is no attempt
  to equally display both sides of the story.
• Figure 10-23 10-24 pg. 363

45
Controlled Participation

• Controlled participation allows the population
  ruled by an authoritarian govt to feel as if it
  is contributing to the country in some ways.
• For example, by attending rallies, helping to spy
  on subversives, preparing for the war effort,
  becoming the block boss for the party
  anything that will convince the public to buy
  into the accepted ideology and prevent the
  development of contrary opinions.

46
Example Nuremberg Rallies of Nazi Germany
47
Directing Public Discontent

• This is where the people are provided with an
  enemy on which they can safely unleash their
  frustrations. Threat can be foreign or internal.
• Stalin used show trials to convict dissidents in
  the SU, banishing those convicted to the gulags
  (prisons). This was to consolidate his power and
  remove anyone who might challenge him. Stalin
  would charge his targets with a manufactured
  crime and put them on trial. The trials were
  called show trials because the verdict of guilt
  was always assured through forced confessions or
  fabricated evidence.

48
What is the main message here concerning popular
discontent?
49
Terror

• Some authoritarian govts use quick, brutal, and
  arbitrary violence to disappear dissidents.
  People simply vanished from everyday life, never
  to be heard from again. Relatives would search
  for them in vain, only to discover later that
  they had been tortured and murdered.

50
Strengths of Authoritarianism

• Though many authoritarian govts employ horrible
  acts of human rights violations to enforce their
  power, the visions many dictators paint for their
  countries often addresses the needs of the ppl
  and often resulted in positive circumstances for
  many.
• Many Russians, for example, long for the days of
  the SU under which communism they were able to
  obtain food for their families and heat their
  homes. Many of the liberating market reforms
  since communism have hurt the Russian ppl more
  than helped them.

51
Weaknesses of Authoritarianism

• Just like a democracy, authoritarianism has its
  weaknesses. This willingness of authoritarian
  govts to sacrifice individual citizens for the
  perceived needs of the country is clearly
  unacceptable on many levels.
• Most authoritarian govts also seem unable to
  change leadership in a peaceful manner. This
  often leads to periods of violence and misery
  during the transition from one leader to another.
  Also, if a dictator loses popular support and
  spontaneous opposition arises, violence, once
  again, is often the result.

52
How Do These Techniques Work?

• Most of these techniques can be effective, at
  least in the short term. If citizens subscribe to
  the governments vision, if they are soothed by
  its propaganda, and if they feel they are
  contributing to the greater good, they may be
  less aware of the authoritarian nature of govt.
• Authoritarian govts are aware of the pros and
  cons of these techniques, and use them to varying
  degrees to meet their particular needs. Yet the
  goal in all cases is to create the idea that the
  govt is using its authority to protect the
  country, and the interests and will of the ppl.

53
Are there circumstances in which an authoritarian
regime can be seen as an expression of the will
of the people?
54
What Are We Learning Today?

• 3.8 Evaluate the extent to which govts should
  promote individual and collective rights.

55
Rights in Liberal Democracies

• In some countries, specific legislation, such as
  the Canadian Charter of Rights Freedoms (1982),
  is employed to entrench (establish) rights to
  life, liberty, and personal safety.
• These rights are protected by law and cannot be
  modified without extensive consultation with the
  public and substantial multi-party support.
• This protection ensures that rights cannot be
  easily overturned, while still allowing a measure
  of flexibility that allows for the evolution of
  individual rights and freedoms in light of
  changing social conditions.

56
Are There Any Limits to Our Rights?

• The only limit to the fundamental rights
  proclaimed in the Charter is that they are
  subject only to such reasonable limits
  prescribed by law as can be demonstrably
  justified in a free and democratic society.
• In other words, there are limits to individual
  rights. No individual has the right to infringe
  on the rights of others. Individual rights can
  and must be balanced to the interests of
  preserving the rights of everyone in the
  community.

57
The Quebec Charter of Human Rights Freedoms

• The Quebec Charter of Human Rights Freedoms is
  a statutory bill of rights and human rights code
  that was passed by the National Assembly of
  Quebec in 1975.
• Having precedence over all provincial
  legislation, the Quebec Charter stands at the
  pinnacle of Quebecs legal system. Only the
  Constitution of Canada, including the Canadian
  Charter of Rights Freedoms, takes priority over
  the Quebec Charter.

58
Criticisms of Rights Legislation

• 1 criticism of rights legislation is that it can
  have unforeseen negative consequences. For
  example, documents such as the Charter of Rights
  Freedoms focus almost exclusively on the rights
  of individuals, possibly at the expense of the
  rights of the community.
• A great example is industrialization and
  laissez-faire capitalism in many countries that
  had theoretical individual rights, but became
  meaningless due to the enormous economic and
  political gap between industrialists and workers
  and the poverty of the working class.

59
Only Words?

• Another criticism of rights legislation is that
  the words in some of these documents contain very
  little real power.
• In some countries, especially dictatorships or
  totalitarian regimes, individual rights and
  freedoms have been subjugated to the needs of the
  state, even though those countries may have a
  constitution or other documents that protect
  individual rights.

60
Cuba

• Cuba is a great example because the dictator and
  ruling elite have all the political and legal
  control. The govt alone interprets and
  implements its Constitution, and controls any
  changes made to it. The result is very little
  protection for individual rights and freedoms.

61
The Promotion of Collective Rights

• One responsibility charged to the govt is the
  promotion of collective rights and stability.
• Collective rights rights guaranteed to specific
  groups in Canadian society for historical and
  constitutional reasons.
• In the context of the Canadian Charter of Rights
  and Freedoms, collective rights refer primarily
  to the rights of official language groups and
  Aboriginal peoples.

62
Why Are Collective Rights So Important?

• Collective rights are the cornerstone on which
  Canada was built. Without the guarantees made to
  groups and minorities, it is unlikely that the
  peoples of Upper and Lower Canada, so different
  from one another, would have joined to form a
  country.
• Supreme Court Justice Beverly McLachlin

63
Canadian Charter of Rights Freedoms vs.
American Bill of Rights

• One of the primary differences between the
  Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the
  American Bill of Rights is our inclusion of
  collective rights.
• Quote pg. 378

64
Recognition of Collective Rights

• Including collective rights in the Charter on the
  one hand and having govts in Canada promote or
  even recognize these rights on the other hand
  are, however, two different things.
• Since the Charter came into being in 1982, some
  groups in Canada have had to fight to have their
  collective rights respected.

65
Francophone Schools in Alberta

• In the 1980s, some Francophone parents took legal
  action that went all the way to the Supreme Court
  of Canada to have the province of Alberta provide
  Francophone schools and school boards for their
  children.
• This collective right was included in Section 23
  of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Minority
  Educational Rights), but it took a 1990 Supreme
  Court decision in favour of the parents before
  Alberta allowed Francophone school boards to be
  established to administer Francophone schools.

66
Aboriginal Hunting Rights

• Section 25 of the Charter and Section 35 of the
  Constitution Act, 1982, recognizes and affirms
  the aboriginal and treaty rights of Canadas
  Aboriginal peoples (First Nations, Métis,
  Inuit). While these rights are constitutionally
  guaranteed, it has taken many efforts to have
  certain Aboriginal rights recognized.
• In the case of hunting or harvesting rights of
  Canadas Métis ppl, there continues to be a
  struggle to have these rights recognized.

67
The Ruling of Steve Powley

• In 1993, Steve Powley, an Ontario Métis, and his
  son hunted and killed a moose, and were charged
  for hunting without a license.
• 10 years later, after the case had been appealed
  through the Ontario court system, the Supreme
  Court of Canada ruled 9-0 that the Métis of
  Powleys community in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario,
  did indeed have the aboriginal right to hunt, as
  do any Métis who can prove a connection to a
  stable continuous community.

68
Ongoing Métis Disputes

• However, despite the sections in the Charter and
  in the Constitution Act and the 2003 Supreme
  Court decision, many Métis are still fighting to
  have their Aboriginal right to hunting and
  harvesting recognized.
• In 2004 in Manitoba, Métis hunter Will Goodon was
  charged for duck hunting without a license. He
  did have a Métis harvester card issued by the
  Manitoba Métis Federation, but the province
  failed to recognize the card.

69
Métis in Alberta

• In 2008, the Métis Nation of Alberta took legal
  action against the Alberta govt in order to have
  the harvesting rights of Albertas Métis
  recognized, as charges continued to be laid
  against Métis hunting without a provincial
  license.
• As one can see, having collective rights included
  in the Charter does not necessarily mean that
  govts will recognize or promote these rights.

70
What Are We Learning Today?

• 3.6 Analyze the extent to which liberal
  democracies reflect illiberal thought and
  practice.

71
Should Liberal Democracies Always Follow the
Principles of Liberalism?

• In February, 2008, Canadian soldiers fighting in
  Afghanistan were urged to use caution when using
  popular websites such as Facebook when
  communicating with friends and family.

72
The Facebook Dilemma

• Soldiers were warned not to share photos of
  themselves in uniform or of the battlefront.
• According to the Defense Department, the
  insurgents could use this information to
  determine their success or their lack of itand
  determine better ways to attack us.
• Yet others believe this is an example of
  censorship more than anything else.
• Should the Defense Department be allowed to
  censor the Facebook pages of its soldiers?

73
What is the War Measures Act?
74
The War Measures Act

• The War Measures Act has been invoked (used) only
  3 times in Canadas history.
• In each case, the federal govt to some extent
  suspended, restricted, and/or limited rights,
  freedoms, and the basic principles of liberalism.

75
What excuse might the Canadian federal govt give
to invoke the Act and take away our freedoms?
76
War Measures Act Rationale

• The following reasons have been given in the past
  to justify the Acts use
• It was necessary for the overall good of society.
  
• It was justified because of the threat or severe
  nature of the situation.
• It was essential to protect, retain, or secure
  other principles of liberalism.

77
Rule By Decree

• The War Measures Act gave the federal cabinet
  emergency powers for circumstances where it
  determined that the existence of war, invasion,
  or rebellion, real or apprehended, existed.
• The real distinction of this Act was that it
  allowed the cabinet to govern by decree (law)
  rather than through discussion and debate in
  Parliament. The federal govt had increased
  powers under this Act powers that could be used
  immediately once the Act was invoked.
• Figure 11-13 pg. 395

78
When was WW I?Which countries were Canadas
enemies?
79
WW I and Enemy Aliens

• The first use of the War Measures Act in Canada
  came during WW I. Canada was still part of the
  British Empire, and Britain and the Allied Powers
  were at war against the Central Powers.
• Under the War Measures Act (1914) immigrants from
  these countries already residing in Canada were
  considered enemy aliens non-citizens who come
  from an enemy country.

80
WW I Enemy Aliens

• The first use of the War Measures Act in Canada
  came during WW I. Canada was at war against the
  Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary (which
  included parts of Ukraine), and the Ottoman
  Empire.
• Under the War Measures Act (1914), immigrants
  from countries that were at war with Canada
  already residing here were considered enemy
  aliens.
• Why would Canadians consider these ppl enemies?

81
What civil rights were stripped from these enemy
aliens in Canada?
82
Enemy Alien Restrictions

• Due to this Act all enemy aliens were required to
  register with the Canadian govt and carry their
  govt-issued ID cards at all times.
• In addition, they were not permitted to publish
  or read anything in a language other than English
  or French, to leave the country without exit
  permits, to possess firearms, or to join any
  group the govt deemed dangerous.

83
Internment Camps

• Several thousand enemy aliens were deported or
  sent to internment camps. Their property was
  confiscated and often went missing during their
  internment or was not returned afterwards. The
  internment camps did not close until 1920, 2
  years after the war had ended.
• The released internees often had no possessions
  or property. At that time, the federal govt did
  not offer an apology or compensation to the ppl
  who were interned.
• Figure 11-15 16 pg. 398

84
WW II and Japanese Internment

• During WW II, the Canadian govt invoked the War
  Measures Act again to intern individuals and
  place restrictions on the freedoms of
  Japanese-Canadians.
• Nearly 23,000 (the vast majority of whom were
  native-born Canadians from the Pacific Coast),
  were placed in internment camps in early 1942.

85
Removal from BC

• Pg. 398
• At the conclusion of WW II, the federal govt
  decided that all Japanese-Canadians (JC) should
  be removed from BC. They were given the choice
  between deportation to Japan or relocation east
  of the Rocky Mountains.
• Although 4,000 JCs chose to leave the country,
  the majority opted to move to the prairies,
  Ontario, or Quebec. JCs could return to BC in
  1949, as they had regained the right to live
  anywhere in Canada, but most had already chosen
  to live elsewhere.

86
Why do you think the govt took these extreme
measures? Why might a govt continue to use
such actions after the war had ended?
87
Overdue Public Acknowledgment

• In the 1980s some JCs and their families sought
  redress for the actions of the Canadian govt.
  Although not all JC supported this action, the
  action challenged the federal govt to act on its
  commitment to a multicultural society and the new
  Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
• In 1988, PM Brian Mulroney publicly acknowledged
  the unjust actions and Canadian govt awarded
  compensation packages of 21,000 for each
  individual directly wronged.
• Quote pg. 399

88
Do you agree with the govts decision to issue
compensation to each Japanese-Canadian directly
wronged by internment? Why or why not?
89
What were the 1960s like in Western countries?
90
The 1960s

• Canada and the world underwent significant
  political, social, and cultural changes during
  the 1960s. Many reforms were prompted by
  individuals and groups seeking less govt
  control, greater freedoms, and increased power
  over decisions affecting their lives.
• Examples include the womens liberation movement,
  the anti-war movement, and pressures to end
  poverty, discrimination, and abuses of power.

91
Quebec in the 1960s

• Some Francophone Quebecois strongly desired
  greater protection of their language and culture
  and wanted equal opportunities for participation
  in the economy of Quebec, which was dominated by
  an Anglophone minority.
• This led to the Quiet Revolution a time of rapid
  social, economic, and political modernization in
  Quebec. This was a revolution aimed at enhancing
  opportunities for Francophone Quebecois within
  Quebec society.

92
What allows an event to be called a revolution?
How can a revolution be quiet?
Huge change evolved but without violence, force,
or direct conflict.
93
The Quebec Liberation Front

• Some ppl felt the pace of change was too slow,
  however. These ppl supported the use of violence,
  terrorism, or other illegal means to achieve
  their goals.
• The Quebec Liberation Front (FLQ), founded in
  1963, was committed to the independence of
  Quebec, and was a group that was willing to
  resort to terrorism to make that happen.

94
FLQ Terrorist Acts

• During the 1960s, the FLQ used a series of
  bombings and armed robberies to further its
  goals. It was responsible for the deaths of at
  least 5 people.
• On October 5, 1970, the FLQ abducted British
  trade commissioner James Cross. Ransom demands
  were made, most of which were not met.
• So, 5 days later, the FLQ kidnapped Pierre
  Laporte, a popular Quebec cabinet minister.

95
The FLQ Gains Support

• In the following days, FLQ leaders held meetings
  to increase public support for their cause.
• Consequently, a general strike involving
  students, teachers and professors resulted in the
  closure of most French-language secondary and
  post-secondary academic institutions. On October
  15, 1970, more than 3,000 students attended a
  protest rally in favour of the FLQ.
  Demonstrations of public support influenced
  subsequent government actions.

96
A Cry for Help

• Within days, the Canadian Armed Forces were sent
  to protect politicians in Ottawa.
• Quebec premier Robert Bourassa requested that
  troops be sent to support local police.

97
Trudeau Invokes War Measures Act

• For the third and final time in Canadas history,
  Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau invoked the
  War Measures Act on October 16, 1970.
• Civil liberties were suspended, and the FLQ was
  formally outlawed. Anyone attending an FLQ
  meeting or speaking favourably of the
  organization were presumed to be a member. Nearly
  500 ppl were arrested without warrants for
  expressing their pro-FLQ views and could be held
  in jail for up to 90 days many of the ppl
  arrested were artists, journalists, teachers, and
  other supporters of Quebecois nationalism.

98
Why was invoking the War Measures Act such a
risky political move for Trudeau?
99
A Risky Move

• This was the only time in Canadian history that
  the federal Canadian govt used the powers of the
  War Measures Act during peacetime.
• Invoking the War Measures Act was a risky move
  for Trudeau as there was a strong possibility
  that Trudeau might have lost popular support
  among Quebec voters.

100
Laporte Murdered!

• On October 17, a Quebec radio station announced
  that Laporte was murdered. They also gave the
  location of a map which led to the discovery of
  his body. With the body came a list of demands by
  the FLQ for Crosss release.
• Demands included the release of 23 political
  prisoners, 500,000 in gold, an aircraft to take
  the kidnappers to Cuba or Algeria, the ending of
  all police search activities, the rehiring of 450
  Lapalme postal workers who had been laid off for
  their support of the FLQ, and the broadcast and
  publication of the FLQ Manifesto.

101
A Huge Controversy

• The actions of the federal govt during the
  October Crisis raised a great deal of
  controversy.
• Although an overwhelming number of Canadians
  supported the govts actions, many Quebec
  nationalists and advocates of civil rights
  criticized the use of the War Measures Act as
  excessive and too broad.
• What do you think is meant by this?

102
Excessive Broad?

• Excessive There was no need to go these extremes
  for a case involving 2 kidnappings and a murder,
  issues that would normally be dealt with by the
  police and existing laws.
• Broad The govt acted on limited information and
  treated all separatist supporters as potential
  terrorists.

103
The Interview

• In what is one of the most famous Canadian
  interviews of all time, Trudeau had an
  unrehearsed and spontaneous conversation with a
  reporter on the steps of Parliament on the issues
  of the FLQ Crisis and the War Measures Act.
• It was during this interview that Trudeau uttered
  an iconic phrase, which today has a place in
  current Canadian history books that deal with
  Trudeau and his legacy.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-7_a2wa2dd4feature
  player_embedded

104
The Aftermath

• Early in December 1970, police discovered the
  location of the kidnappers holding James Cross.
  His release was negotiated and on December 3,
  1970, five of the terrorists were granted their
  request for safe passage to Cuba by the
  Government of Canada after approval by Fidel
  Castro.
• Why ask to go to Cuba?

105
Laportes Kidnappers Found

• In late December, four weeks after, the
  kidnappers of James Cross were found. The
  kidnappers and murderers of Pierre Laporte were
  found hiding in a country farmhouse. They were
  tried and convicted for kidnapping and murder.
• The events of October 1970 contributed to the
  loss of support for violent means to attain
  Quebec independence.

106
Did the War Measures Act Work?

• By December 29, 1970, police had arrested 453
  persons with suspected ties to the FLQ. Some
  detainees were released within hours, while
  others were held for up to 21 days. Several
  persons who were detained were initially denied
  access to legal counsel. Of the 453 people who
  were arrested, 435 were eventually released
  without ever being charged.

107
Homework

• The actions of the federal govt during the
  October Crisis can appear very different to us
  today than it did to Canadians at the time.
• Taking what you now know of the FLQ Crisis, do
  you believe the federal governments actions were
  appropriate? What, if any, alternatives could
  Trudeau have used to deal with the FLQ without
  rejecting the principles of liberalism during the
  crisis?
• 2/3rds to a full written page due tomorrow

108
How has your life been affected by 9/11?
109
Restricting Freedoms Subtly

• Following the events of 9/11, govts,
  individuals, and groups have developed a
  different understanding of security, terrorism,
  and mobility.
• Despite the threat of terror, many ppl question
  the appropriateness as well as the effectiveness
  of increased security measures.
• Supporters of increased security often point out
  that the restrictions are minor and certainly not
  as serious as the potentially devastating
  consequences.

110
The USA PATRIOT Act

• The US govt has responded to the need for
  increased security by introducing the Uniting and
  Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate
  Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
  Terrorism Act.
• This acts purpose is to deter and punish
  terrorist acts in the US and around the world, to
  enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and
  for other purposes.

111
Civil Liberties vs. The Govt

• Negative reaction to this legislation quickly
  followed. Groups challenged the federal govts
  power to issue National Security Letters, a
  provision of the USA PATRIOT Act, and won in
  court.
• National Security Letters permitted the govt to
  obtain sensitive customer records from Internet
  service providers and other businesses without
  first obtaining a search warrant from a judge.
  The court ruled that this was an unconstitutional
  limit to the freedom from unreasonable searches.
  

112
USA PATRIOT Act Controversy

• The intention of the USA PATRIOT ACT was to
  protect the security of the American ppl from
  acts of terrorism.
• However, some ppl feel that the act undermines
  the civil liberties of the American ppl and
  subverts (undermines) the rights of minorities,
  especially those who share the same ethnic
  heritage as those who perpetrated the 9/11
  attacks.
• Figure 11-20 pg. 402

113
What is your reaction to the USA PATRIOT Act?
Is there a better way to address the need for
national security that does not involve actions
that infringe on individual rights?
114
Canadas No-Fly List

• 1 of the increased security measures in Canada is
  a no-fly list. This is a list of ppl the govt
  has identified as potentially posing a threat to
  aviation security. Ppl on the list are barred
  from flying on domestic flights in Canada.
• Canadas initiative is modeled after a similar
  one in the US. While the US list contains more
  than 44,000 names, the Canadian list is believed
  to have less than 1000. However, it is not
  publically available, so many ppl on the list
  will not know that they have been barred from
  flying until they try to do so.

115
No-Fly List Criteria

• An individual who has been involved in a
  terrorist group and who, it can reasonably be
  suspected, will endanger the security of any
  aircraft, or the safety of the public,
  passengers, or crew members.
• An individual who has been convicted of 1 or more
  serious and life-threatening crimes against
  aviation security.
• An individual who has been convicted of 1 or more
  serious and life-threatening offences and who may
  attack or harm an air carrier, passengers, or
  crew members.

116
Is the no-fly list criteria adequate/fair? Is it
too vague? Is it too limited?
117
Maher Arar

• Pg. 403-404

118
Post 9/11 vs. War Measures Act

• The Canadian govts post-9/11 security measures
  are less intrusive and restrictive than the
  examples from Canadas history when the War
  Measures Act was invoked.
• Yet the restrictions still constrain ppls
  freedoms and challenge the principles of
  liberalism, however, in less obvious ways.
  Despite this subtlety, the new policies are
  clearly illiberal measures.

119
Extremism

• Extremism refers to a belief system that is
  outside the mainstream spectrum of beliefs, and
  it may advocate actions that are considered
  socially or morally unacceptable, such as the
  violent targeting of those perceived as innocent
  civilians.
• Generally, those who are considered extremists by
  others do not see themselves as extremists. Thus,
  the judgment of extremist depends entirely on
  ones point of view.

120
The Justification for Extreme Ideas

• It is important to note that extremists avoid
  referring to themselves as extremists not because
  they do not view their actions as intolerant or
  extreme but rather because they believe that they
  are acting our of principled beliefs.
• There can be extremist views on both the right
  and left ends of the political spectrum, but in
  many cases, labeling a group or ideology as
  extremist is a political act to make a groups
  beliefs appear to challenge the status quo.

121
Example of Extremism

• An example of this might be labeling ppl as
  eco-terrorists if they threaten to spike trees
  that are to be logged in an environmentally
  sensitive area.
• For some, this is an act of desperation in
  defense of a principle for others it is an act
  of extremism.

122
Terrorism al Qaeda

• Terrorism as practiced by groups such as al
  Qaeda, however, is clearly extremist. Even the
  supporters of al Qaeda may agree that they use
  extreme measures.
• Yet they may claim that in a world of injustice
  where power is concentrated in the hands of a
  small group (Western powers) and used to keep
  others powerless, that extreme measures are the
  only way to arrive at justice.

123
Economic Extremism

• Extremism is also used by some ppl to
  characterize economic activities that strictly
  adhere to a set of principles despite their
  perceived adverse effects on a population.
• For example, during the Cold War, the economic
  practices of communist countries were seen as
  extremist by the US govt and some other
  free-market countries.

124
Extremism Civil Liberties

• 1 major challenge that extremism presents to
  modern liberalism is that govts threatened by
  extremist actions may curtail civil liberties of
  all citizens in an effort to maintain security.
• Examples
• War Measures Act during the FLQ/October Crisis
  in 1970
• USA PATRIOT Act in the US.
• In the case of the FLQ Crisis, the limiting of
  individual rights was temporary. Most of the
  provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act, however,
  eventually became permanent.

125
Consumerism as a Liberal Issue
Area of Spending US Billions per year
Cosmetics in US
Ice cream in Europe
Perfumes in Europe US
Pet foods in Europe US
Entertainment in Japan
Cigarettes in Europe
Alcoholic drinks in Europe
Narcotic drugs in the world
Military spending in world
126
Consumerism Contd
Area of Spending US Billions per Year
Basic education for all
Water and sanitation for all
Reproductive health for all women
Basic health and nutrition for all
127
Colonization Liberal Democracies

• In the brief history of liberal democracies,
  economic freedom has helped create some very
  powerful individuals and companies.
• Beginning with colonization of Asia, Africa, and
  South America, consumers in liberal democracies
  were given greater access to increasing varieties
  and amounts of goods. Bananas, coffee, chocolate,
  silk, and cotton are examples of such goods.

128
Globalization of Liberal Companies

• In more recent decades, companies from liberal
  democracies have entered into economic
  relationships with countries such as China,
  Japan, Korea, and Mexico to make technological
  gadgets, toys, and entertainment goods available
  in large quantities at relatively low cost.
• The pursuit of economic freedom in liberal
  democracies has brought increased personal choice
  for consumers in some countries but not all.

129
Unequal Distribution of Wealth

• Therefore, unanticipated consequences of economic
  freedom and development have developed within
  countries and on a worldwide scale. First, the
  wealth and resource development produced by
  economic liberalism did not benefit many of the
  ppl in former colonies to the same degree as they
  benefited ppl in more industrialized countries.
• In fact, many colonized countries were forced to
  reduce their own food production in order to grow
  cash crops such as coffee and bananas for export.

130
A Double Standard

• Second, citizens of colonized countries were not
  treated in ways that reflected the principles of
  liberalism. Differential laws governing ownership
  of property and land, access to education and
  health care, and other aspects of life often
  restricted the pace of development in these
  countries.
• Such treatment led to negative sentiments within
  these countries between members of various races
  or ethnic groups.

131
Illiberalism Terrorism

• Third, such feelings have also created conditions
  that support violence, illiberalism, and
  terrorism. The unequal treatment of some
  countries and their citizens by liberal
  democracies especially those most closely
  associated with the principles of democracy has
  left a troubling legacy in many former colonies.
• Liberal democracies have become targets of this
  dissatisfaction. The US, Great Britain, France,
  and even Canada have experienced terrorist
  threats and attacks.

132
Environmental Change Activism

• During the latter half of the 20th century,
  scientists, environmental activists, and other
  groups began to place increasing pressure on
  govts around the world to consider the quality
  of the environment and to limit the human impact
  on the environment.
• Liberal democracies now face a dilemma How can
  they support principles of liberalism such as
  economic and personal freedom while also
  promoting the modern liberal principle of a
  highly quality of life for all members of
  society?

133
Greenhouse Gases

• There is, according to Greenpeace, approximately
  a 30-year delay in the impact of emissions. In
  other words, we are only now feeling the effects
  of the greenhouse gas emissions of the 1970s.
• Greenhouse gas emissions are gases, from both
  natural and artificial sources, that are released
  into the earths atmosphere. They change the way
  the earths atmosphere absorbs and emits
  radiation, which affects the temperature of
  earth.

134
Kyoto Protocol

• The Kyoto Protocol an agreement reached at an
  intl convention at which world leaders met to
  discuss climate change and create a plan for
  reducing greenhouse gases is an example of how
  liberal democracies and other countries have
  approached challenges of climate change.
• The concept of climate change was, up to the
  early 2000s, rejected by neo-conservative govts
  and business leaders. It has recently been almost
  universally supported by scientific studies and
  is now no longer a matter of much debate.

135
Significance of Kyoto

• The Kyoto Protocol is the 1st, and to date the
  only, binding intl agreement that includes
  specific goals for individual countries to reduce
  their greenhouse gas emissions.
• It came into effect on February 16, 2005, but the
  countries ratifying the protocol have undertaken
  their goals with varying approaches and degrees
  of commitment.

136
Ratifying Kyoto in Canada

• In 2004, the govt of Canada, led by Liberal PM
  Paul Martin, announced a broad plan for dealing
  with greenhouse gases, one that was based on
  voluntary participation and tax incentives for
  companies that complied.
• The plan also included mandatory emissions
  reductions for factories and power plants,
  improved fuel efficiency in Canadian vehicles,
  etc.

137
Harper Kyoto

• One of the complicating factors in most liberal
  democracies is that when different political
  parties come to power, changes to intl
  agreements can and do occur.
• Such a situation occurred in Canada in 2006 when
  the Conservatives became the new govt under
  Stephen Harper. They altered funding to climate
  change programs and instituted a new climate
  change plan focusing on additional consultations
  with industries and businesses.

138
Missing the Target

• It is highly unlikely that Canada will meet its
  Kyoto targets. Canadas emissions in 2004 were
  27 above our 1990 level, and our Kyoto target
  for 2008 was 6 below that 1990 level.
• Since the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol,
  very little progress has been made by either
  political party leading Canada.

139
Pandemics

• A pandemic is an outbreak of a disease on a
  global scale.
• Pandemics are highly potent diseases that create
  borderless paths of infection from which ppl have
  little or no immunity and for which there usually
  is no vaccine.
• Pandemics usually spread easily from person to
  person, cause serious and sometimes fatal
  illness, and infect a country, continent, or even
  several continents in a relatively short time.

140
Examples of Pandemics

• Swine Flu
• Bird Flu
• Black Plague
• SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
• Outbreak book (its informative!)

141
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142
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143
Pandemics Globalization

• Globalization has been both a positive and a
  negative for pandemics.
• Positive mass communication has increased our
  awareness of pandemics.
• Negative the ease of intl travel has also
  precipitated their spread.

144
Liberal Democracies Pandemics

• Liberal democracies are faced with a difficult
  situation when attempting to address pandemics.
  On 1 hand, limit travel and restrict visitors,
  tourists, and new immigration to a country can
  provide greater protection against pandemics.
• On the other hand, such actions will hamper trade
  and development, severely restrict the basic
  freedoms of citizens and potentially create other
  issues related to human rights violations.

145
Health Organizations

• Intl health organizations like the World Health
  Organization (WHO) as well as national health
  organizations (Health Canada the Centers for
  Disease Control in the US) monitor established
  protocols and work on distributing up-to-date
  info. regarding pandemics.
• Distribution of info., tracking of outbreaks, and
  establishment of means of treatment become a
  shared responsibility for all countries under
  this system, regardless of from of govt.

146
How can liberal democracies and organizations
such as WHO balance ppls freedoms with the need
to curb the spread of disease?
147
Postmodernism

• Postmodernism is another ideological school of
  thought that challenges liberalism.
• It is the period that follows modernism in the
  fields of art, literature, and philosophy,
  largely in Western societies. It is also a school
  of thinking that questions and rejects the
  principles of liberalism.

148
Central Concepts of Modernism

• Some of the central concepts of modernism, which
  began during the Enlightenment, include
• Science provides universal and eternal truths
• Knowledge will lead to progress
• Freedom consists of obedience to laws that are
  based on reason
• Reason and rational thinking are the ultimate
  means of establishing what is true

149
Postmodernism vs. Modern Liberalism

• Postmodernism calls into question the central
  ideas of modernism. It sees modern liberal
  ideology as dominating many aspects of life to
  the exclusion of other ways of thinking.
• They believe groups that have traditionally been
  left out of the dominant social structure have
  their own legitimate ways of making sense of the
  world, and these ways of making sense may make
  more sense than those prescribed by liberal
  tradition.

150
Postmodernism Discovery

• A postmodernist would be skeptical of the modern
  liberal idea that society can be improved, that
  there is progress in civilization.
• They would critique the nature of knowledge and
  argue that it is relative to language, social,
  and historical contexts. Examples would be that
  Columbus discovered the New World. Another
  example is that we are often unaware of our own
  prejudices or biases until we step outside of our
  normal lives, like when we travel.

151
Primary vs. Secondary Sources

• Primary source an artifact, document,
  recording, or other source of information that
  was created at the time under study. It serves as
  an original source of information.
• (Ex interview with some about 9/11 who was an
  actual witness and saw the collapse of the World
  Trade Centre in person)
• Secondary source usually cites, comments on, or
  builds upon primary sources.
• (Ex a reporter writes a book or article on 9/11,
  but never experienced the actual event
  themselves)

152
The Call to War

• In times of conflict, what are the citizens
  rights, roles, and responsibilities? And does
  that change if he or she does not accept the
  govts decision or reasons for going to war?
• Pacifism, the commitment to peace and opposition
  to war, is practiced in a variety of ways.
• Pg. 469

153
Pacifist Groups

• Pacifists include members of many diverse
  non-religious peace group and of religious groups
  that have traditions of opposing war.
• Pacifists vary in how they interpret and act on
  their pacifism. Some are pacifist in an absolute
  sense, rejecting violence of all sorts, while
  others are specifically anti-war or against a
  certain war but not all wars.

154
American Drafting

• In contrast to its policies during the Vietnam
  War, the US has not drafted young Americans into
  the military to serve in Afghanistan and Iraq.
• However, in case the American govt decides it
  needs additional citizens for military service,
  it does maintain a registry of young men.
  Pacifists can apply to be classified as
  conscientious objectors.
• Pg. 471

155
Conscientious Objection

• The United Nations supports the right to
  conscientious objection the refusal to perform
  military service on moral or religious grounds.
• The UN also monitors how conscientious objectors
  are treated. Some countries, such as Finland,
  Germany, and Israel, require military service but
  offer alternative service options.
• Figure 13-14 pg. 472

156
The Vietnam War

• The War against the Vietnam War, pg. 485-490
• Anti-war movements organized campaigns against
  war. The Vietnam anti-war movement gained public
  support during the late 1960s and contributed to
  the US ending the war.
• Draft conscription or compulsory military
  service.
• Draft dodger someone who avoids conscription or
  compulsory military service, usually by fleeing
  to another country.

157
A Just War?

• Just war the idea that a country is right to go
  to war for certain reasons, including
  self-defense, defense of another country that is
  under attack, protection of innocents, and
  punishment for serious crimes.
• The anti-war movement had a profound impact on
  foreign policy for the US. President Johnson and,
  later, President Nixon both had to deal with
  widespread public sentiment. Rallies and protest
  marches, which had limited participation early in
  the war, grew to immense proportions.

158
Canada Afghanistan

• Pg. 490