Locus of Control

1
Locus of Control

• People who believe that they are in control of
  their own lives are said to have an Internal
  locus of control.
• People who think that forces beyond their control
  dictate what happens to them are said to have an
  External locus of control.

2
Self-Concept Components

• Self-esteem Degree to which people feel good
  about themselves and their abilities.
• Self-efficacy A persons belief about his or her
  chances of successfully accomplishing a specific
  task.

3
Values vs. Attitudes

• Values (Basic Convictions What is right, good,
  desirable)
• General - Contain many attitudes
• e.g., Conservative, Liberal, etc.
• Attitudes (Beliefs, Assumptions)
• Evaluative judgments focused on specific objects,
  concepts
• e.g., Attitude toward welfare, health care
  reform, etc.

4
Hofstedes Dimensions of Culture

• Power Distance
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Individualism/Collectivism
• Masculinity/Femininity
• Time Orientation (Short vs. Long)

5
HOFSTEDES CULTURAL DIMENSIONS
Power Distance
low
high
Frequent interaction of people from different
backgrounds more democratic
Limited interaction between low-status and
high-status individuals obedience to power
Uncertainty Avoidance
low
high
Greater ease in unstructured, unpredictable
situations
Avoidance of unstructured, unpredictable
situations
Individualism
Collectivism
Primary concern for interests of the group
Primary concern for self expected to take care
of self
Masculinity
Femininity
Valuing achievement Emphasis on assertiveness,
competitiveness, material success
Valuing relationships Emphasis on security,
feelings
6
Time Orientation

• Short-Term Orientation means that people expect
  fairly rapid feedback from decisions, expect
  quick profits, frequent job evaluations and
  promotions, etc.

7
Hofstedes Dimensions of Culture

• US Jap Fra Chil Chin WAfr Mex Ger
• PD 40 54 68 63 80 77 81 35
• UA 46 92 86 86 30 54 82 65
• I/C 91 46 71 23 20 20 30 67
• M/F 62 95 43 28 66 46 69 66
• TO 26 80 63 31 87 16 24 83

8
Ethical Problems Survey

• of 4000 employees who observed various ethical
  problems in the past year
• Lying to Supervisors - 56
• Falsifying reports/records - 41
• Theft - 35
• Sexual Harassment - 35
• Drug or alcohol abuse - 31
• Conflict of Interest - 31

9
Criteria for Ethical Decision Making

• Consequentialism
• Utilitarian Approach
• Deontology (Duties, Obligations, Principles)
• Individual (Moral) Rights Approach
• Justice Approach (fairness, legality)
• Individualism Approach
• Do unto others..
• Virtue Ethics (Integrity)
• Acting as society expects one with good character
  would. One achieves a happy life by being honest
  courageous, etc.

10
Facilitating Ethical Behavior

• Training/Communication
• Codes of Ethics
• Principle-based
• Policy-based
• Ethical Structures
• Hot Lines
• Ethics Committees
• Leading by Example
• Reward Good Behavior Punish Bad

11
Guidelines for Ethical Dilemmas

• Is it legal?
• Is it right?
• Is it beneficial? To whom? How much?
• Is it harmful? To whom? How much?
• Have you consulted others who are objective and
  knowledgeable?
• Would you be willing to allow everyone to do what
  you are considering?
• Would you like your family to know?
• Would you like your decision printed in the
  newspaper?