Complex%20Institutions%20

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• Complex Institutions describe their government,
  religion and economy
• Record Keeping Name and describe their record
  keeping system
• The rest of the characteristics can be bulleted
  points

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The Fertile Crescent / Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia

• SCAAR
• Sumerians
• Akkadians
• Babylonians

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Geography of the Fertile Crescent

• Area of land in the middle of a desert climate
• Lies between the TIGRIS and EUPHRATES RIVERS
• Mesopotamia means land between the rivers in
  Greek

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Environmental Factors

• Tigris and Euphrates Rivers deposit a rich mud
  called SILT that allows farmers to harvest large
  quantities of wheat and barley
• Area has ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
• Flooding of rivers was unpredictable
• Sumer was a small region with no natural barriers
  for protection
• Limited natural resources

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SOLUTIONS

• Irrigation ditches
• City walls for defense
• Traded with the peoples of the mountains for the
  things they lacked
• Cooperation, organization, and leadership were
  required to accomplish these tasks

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Specialized Workers
Priests Rulers (Kings) at 1st chosen for war time only, then became full-time monarchs, establishing dynasty. Merchants Artisans Scribes Farmers Slaves
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Complex Institutions
Law system to govern the people. Governments controlled by temple Priests. Polytheism believed in many gods Enlil was most powerful. Schools for upper-class boys. Akkadians created 1st empire. Hammurabis Code - Babylonians led by Hammurabi who created a uniform code of laws to unify the people. 1st to be written down and applied to everyone, but differentiated between classes and sexes.
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Advanced Cities
Built walled cities. City-states city and surrounding land. Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma and Ur.
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Advanced Technology
Irrigation ditches to water fields. Walled temples with ziggurat at the center. Invented the wheel, plow, sail. 1st to use bronze Sciences astronomy, chemical substances, studied disease. Arithmetic and geometry. Number system based on 60 (60 seconds1 min. and 360 degrees in circle) Mud bricks and mortar, arches, columns, ramps.
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Record Keeping
1st writing system in history Cuneiform. Taxes in the form of crops. Epic of Gilgamesh epic poem about the adventures of King Gilgamesh. Maps.