Location of Economic Activities/Urban Land Use Models

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Location of Economic Activities/Urban Land Use
Models
The Location of Industry and Urban Land Use
Models AP HUG

• AP HUG

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The Formal and Informal Economies

• Urban economies may be classified as formal or
  informal.
• Both types exist together and universally
• Informal economies employ approximately 60 of
  the Urban population in South America and Asia
  and more than 70 in Africa.

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• Formal Economy
• Qualifications and training required
• Set hours of work and pay
• Job security and legal protection
• Pensions and unemployment benefits
• Well-serviced and built premises
• High technology

• Examples
• Bank clerk
• Teacher
• Plumber
• Lawyer
• Police officer

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• Informal Economy
• No qualifications or training required
• Unregulated hours and pay
• No job security, no legal protection
• No pensions, no job protection
• Small premises, sometimes domestic
• Labor intensive
• Barter of cash transfers
• Some illegal business

• Examples
• Fruit vendor
• Rickshaw puller
• Barber
• Taxi driver
• Waste-picker

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The advantages of the Informal Economy

• Has provided many semi-skilled migrants with
  immediate work
• The informal economy plays a vital role in the
  developing urban economies of many low and middle
  income countries
• In Angola, setting up a legal business takes 13
  procedures, 124 days and 500 of the average
  income of an Angolan
• In the US, it takes 5 procedures, 5 days, and .7
  of the average income of an American
• Informal economy makes a large contribution to
  urban wealth
• Informal and formal are interdependent. Goods
  produced in informal are often sold to formal.

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Disadvantages of the Informal Economy

• Some illegal activities drugs, prostitution,
  corruption, bribery, smuggling.
• Turns away potential visitors- lowers image
• Health and safety risks for workers

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The Central Business District

• The CBD the commercial and economic core of a
  city
• The heart of the city
• the area most accessible to public transport
• the location with the highest land values.

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Characteristics

• Parking.
• Transport Terminals.
• Wholesalers/Warehouses.
• Small Shops.
• Concentration of Banks/Businesses.
• Offices.
• Department/Chain Stores.
• Car Sales/Services.
• Medical/Fire Services.

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Land use patterns

• Towns and cities do not grow in a haphazard way
  but tend to develop recognizable shapes and
  patterns.
• Each town is unique and will have developed its
  own distinctive pattern, it will also show some
  characteristics shared by other urban
  settlements.

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We can show this pattern by using a MODEL a
simplified picture.
This is an URBAN MODEL to show the different land
use within a town or city.
Each different colour sector represents a
different type of land use.
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Urban Land Use Models

• Burgess Model
• Hoyt Model
• Multiple Nuclei Model

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Burgess Model Concentric Zone Model
Inner city
Suburbs
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Land use models Concentric Zone Model/Burgess
Model
Burgess based his studies on Chicago in the
1920s. He claimed that most towns and cities
grow outwards from an old center and equally in
all directions.
original settlement
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Evaluation For

• If taken as a very broad pattern, then a large
  number of towns and cities follow the pattern
  identified by Burgess.
• It is good model because it is simple and easy to
  understand.
• Burgess could not have foreseen the changes in
  transport routes or society yet his model is
  still relevant when identifying the reasons
  behind the urban morphology of a city.
• It helps us to understand the process involved in
  the growth of a city.

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Evaluation Against

• It does not take any physical features into
  account. Burgess' own case study - Chicago - does
  not follow the pattern because it is on the
  coast! The growth of any city will be influenced
  by the physical geography of the area.
• Transport is much more readily available allowing
  more people to commute Burgess could not have
  foreseen this.
• Urban renewal and gentrification has meant that
  some of the most expensive property can now be
  found in traditional 'low class' areas.

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Hoyt
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Explanation

• Hoyt's model came nearly twenty years after
  Burgess (late 1930s)
• It was based on 142 American cities.
• He proposed his model after the introduction of
  public transportation.
• He suggested that the city grew in a series of
  sectors or 'wedges'.
• An industrial sector would remain industrial as
  the zone would have a common advantage - perhaps
  a railway line or river.
• Note how the low quality housing is next to the
  industrial zone, middle class next to low class
  and high class as far as possible from industry
  and low class.

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Evaluation For

• Some cities seem to follow Hoyt's sectors.
• It provides us with an alternative set of
  explanations to Burgess.
• Communication routes (Rivers, roads, railways) do
  often provide a very definite boundary to a
  sector/land-use.

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Evaluation Against

• Like Burgess, there is no reference to out of
  town developments.
• ie commuter towns which developed after the car
  became popular
• Like Burgess, there is no reference to the
  physical environment.

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Multiple Nuclei Model
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Harris and Ullmans Multiple Nuclei Theory

• 1945
• As an urban area grows, it develops around a
  number of different business centres or nuclei.

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Multiple Nuclei Theory

• Assumptions
• Modern cities more complex than suggested by
  other theorists
• Each nucleus acts as a growth point
• Growth occurs outwards from each nucleus, until
  they all merge into one large urban area

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Evaluations For

• Mixture of Burgess and Hoyt
• Shows some land-uses attract more of the same,
  for example industrial areas
• Some land-uses may deter others from locating
  nearby, eg housing is usually located away from
  industrial areas

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Evaluations Against

• Not an exact fit for all cities and towns
• Too complex