Unit 7: Urban Land Use

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Unit 7 Urban Land Use
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Services
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Types of Services

• Consumer retail, wholesale, education, health
  and leisure and hospitality
• Business financial, professional, and
  transportation and similar services
• Public Services provide security and protection

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Origin of Services

• Early consumer services
• Early public services
• Early Business services

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Clustered Rural Settlements
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Kraal in Africa
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Dispersed Rural Settlement
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Each settlement has an economic base

• Basic Services create goods to be distributed
  outside of the community.
• Example
• big industries
• Paper Mill
• USAA Insurance
• QVC

• Non-Basic Services serve the community.
• Example
• schools
• Grocery stores
• Doctors
• DMV
• restaurants

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The Central Place Theory

• Market area of a service
• Size of a market area
• Range
• Threshold

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Gravity Model
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Back to Central Place Theory Which shape to use?
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Hexagon Central Place
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Central Place

• Are the market areas the same size?
• Are there concentrations of populations in some
  of the areas, i.e. are the thresholds the same
  size?
• Would concentrations of population influence the
  locations?
• Would the locations of businesses with large work
  forces influence the range?
• Would demographics of population (specifically
  income) influence the range?

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Advantages to Central Place Theory

• Does a good enough job of describing spatial
  patterns in urbanization
• Only theory to describe hierarchy of urban
  centers
• Describes location of trade and service activity
• Beneficial to city economic developers to
  identify what types of services are necessary and
  will survive in a given community

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Problems with Central Place Theory

• Large areas of flat land are rare and
  transportation networks often intentionally
  channel traffic in specific directions
• Government intervention can dictate the location
  of industry
• Perfect competition is an unreal assumption
• People vary in their shopping trendspersonal
  preference/sales
• People and resources are not evenly distributed
• Christaller did not account for changing
  functions of areas over time

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Urban Function Hierarchy

• Hamlet-village-town-city
• Rank-Size Rule In MDCs, the second largest city
  is half the size of the largest city, the 4th
  largest city is 1/4th the size of the largest.
• Primate City Rule The largest city is
  disproportionately larger than all the rest.

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Central Business Districtsvs.The SUBURBS!!!

• The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly

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Central Business Districts

• - Original
• Location
• -Site
• -Situation

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Characteristics of CBDsCharlotte, NC

• -Vertical Geography
• -High Rents (bid rents)
• -Demography
• -Environmental Concerns
• -Cultural Amenities
• -Sense of Place

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Centralization in CBDs

• 1. Economic Advantages
• -accessibility
• -location near transportation hubs
• -agglomeration, clustering of like
  services
• 2. Social Advantages
• -Historical momentum
• -Prestige
• -locate near work

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Services of CBDs Faneuil Hall Marketplace,
Boston

• -Retail Services with a High Threshold
• -Retail Services with a High Range
• -Retail Services Serving Downtown Workers
• -Business Services

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Urban Renewal

• Public housing
• Gentrification
• Revitalization
• Sense of Place

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Granville Island, Vancouver
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Who lives in the inner city?

• Single Yuppies, DINKSwant to be near amenities
  and walk to work
• Elderly, retiredwant to be near amenities, cant
  drive, no kids, downsizing from big house in
  suburbs
• Middle-aged, single career women
• Gay population
• People with unique careers can only find jobs in
  big cities
• People who dont want to be far from amenities
• Affordable, high density housing
• Dont want to pay transportation costs to CBD
  jobs

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Problems with Decentralization in CBDs

• Inadequate and run-down housing, redlining,
  filtering, ethnic and racial segregation
• Stores shut down
• Homelessness, underclass, cycle of poverty
• Services are cut or taxes are raised
• Crime
• Pollution
• Lack of residents

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http//www.juicygeography.co.uk/downloads/podmovie
s/ExeterCBD.movVideo made by a geography student
in Exeter, England about the CBD
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http//www.ted.com/talks/majora_carter_s_tale_of_u
rban_renewal.html
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Suburbs The answer to decentralization

• -The commuter zone Counterurbanization,
  Transportation Corridor
• -Early Policies that led to suburbanization
• A. Federal Road Act of 1916, Interstate Hwy
  Act 1956
• B. Federal Housing Administration (FHA) 1934
• -single family homes
• -FHA loans for repairs were short and
  small
• C. GI Bill 1944
• D. United States Housing Act 1937
• -provides public housing for the poor
• E. Zoning Ordinances, Gated Communities
• 2 effects
• Encouraged single family homes away from the
  central city
• 2. Magnified segregation of residential areas
  

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Suburbs The Good Life?

• -Urban Sprawl
• -Checkerboard development, in-filling
• -Placelessness
• -Better Schools
• -Safer Environment
• -Large Yards, single homes
• -Jobs have moved to the suburbs
• -Services have moved to the suburbs

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Ted Talks on Suburbshttp//www.ted.com/talks/jame
s_howard_kunstler_dissects_suburbia.html
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Who wants to live in the Suburbs?

• Married with families, affordable, single homes
• People who want safety (less crime), big yards,
  better schools
• People who work outside of the city

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Urban Sprawl Suburbs run amok
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CBDs in Europe and Latin America

• How are they similar
• AND
• How are they different?

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Resources

• De Blij, Harm, J. (2007). Human Geography People,
  Place and Culture. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley
  Sons Inc.
• Domosh, Mona, Neumann, Roderic, Price,
  Patricia, Jordan-Bychkov, 2010. The Human
  Mosaic, A Cultural Approach to Human Geography.
  New York W.H. Freeman and Company.
• Fellman, Jerome, D., Getis, Arthur, Getis,
  Judith, 2008. Human Geography, Landscapes of
  Human Activities. Boston, MA McGraw-Hill Higher
  Education.
• Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic and Alex M. and
  Pulsipher, 2008. World Regional Geography, Global
  Patterns, Local Lives. W.H. Freeman and Company
  New York.  
• Rubenstein, James M. (2008). An introduction
  to human geography The cultural
• landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson
  Prentice Hall.
• Benewick, Robert, Donald, Stephanie H. (2005).
  The State of
• China Atlas. Berkeley University of
  California Press.