Diapositive 1

1
IPM in arable crop rotations Including examples
from ENDURE RA2.6
MODULE C10
2
Context
Country Site Soil Climate Regional land-use context
Denmark Main pig-producing farms in Denmark Both clay and sand Maritime climate Predominantly husbandry
UK Main predominantly arable area of England Clay and clay-loam Maritime climate Predominantly arable
3
Current rotations
Country Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
UK Winter wheat Winter wheat/winter barley Winter oilseed rape
DK Winter barley Winter oilseed rape Winter wheat Winter wheat
These current systems do not necessarily reflect
the systems of all farms in each country, but are
important examples.

•  Current crop protection strategy
• pesticides and cultural control (e.g.
  cultivations, sowing date, crop rotation)
• Main pest risks
• Weeds Grasses especially black grass
  (resistance in the UK, observed in DK), bromes
  (all crops) (in the UK)
• Fungal diseases especially Septoria, yellow
  rust (winter wheat), Phoma, light leaf spot
  (In the UK), Sclerotinia (winter oilseed
  rape).
• Invertebrate pests aphids / virus (winter
  wheat/oilseed rape) flea beetle and pollen
  beetle (resistance) (oilseed rape) slugs
• Pigeons in the UK (oilseed rape)
• Expected yield national average or above

4
Main considerations for alternative rotations

• Grass weed management (in UK black grass
  containment)
• disease control in WOSR - more years between
  crops
• pesticide targeting and stewardship
• conservation biological control
• spreading the workload
• - maintaining yield! (In DK especially for
  fodder, as it is expensive to buy in extra)

5
Suggestions for alternative rotations
Effect of crop sequence change1 Effect of crop sequence change1 Effect of crop sequence plus changed practices1 Effect of crop sequence plus changed practices1
Rotation no. System No. years Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Mean TFI p.a. change in TFI p.a. Mean TFI p.a. Reduction in TFI p.a.
UK
- Current 3   WW WW WOSR     6.2 6.2


I AS 4   WW S Beans WW WOSR 5.6 -11 4.3 -31

II AS 5   WW S Beans WW S Wheat WOSR 5.3 -14 4.2 -33

II AS 5   WW S Beans WW S Barley WOSR 5.0 -20 3.8 -38

DK
- Current 4 WB WOSR WW WW 2,5


I AS 5 WB WOSR WW WW SBCC 1.78 -29 1.65 -34
WW Winter wheat, WB Winter Barley, SB Spring
Barley WOSR Winter Oilseed Rape, CC Catch Crop
1Based on expert judgements
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System tools to reduce pesticide use

• Pesticide targeting and resistance management
• ensure effective use of pesticides strictly
  according to need, using economic thresholds and
  decision support systems.
• Crop sequence
• Introduction of spring crops and greater
  taxonomic variety of cropping for pest management
  particularly containment of grass weeds (in UK
  especially black grass).
• Lengthening the rotation more years between OSR
  crops to help disease control
• Tillage
• Minimise tillage and chop straw wherever possible
  to conserve natural enemies and energy
• Consider ploughing for grass weed management
  before a second cereal
• Before spring crops plough if necessary in spring
  (in autumn on heavy land) to create seedbed and
  for weed control.
• Conservation biological control

IPM means that all plant protection measures have
to be used wisely, otherwise problems like
resistance may develop rapidly
7
Other tools for different pest groups

• Weed management
• Use higher seed rates and cultivars with strong
  competitiveness where weeds are problematic
• Spot mapping and targeting of weeds
• Disease management
• Use of resistant cultivars
• Invertebrate pest management
• Conservation biological control
• E.g. Beetle banks, wild flower margins, hedges,
  etc.
• Use of resistant cultivars
• Plough for slug control

8
Maize Based Cropping Systems in Central and
Eastern Europe

• Maize Based Cropping System The Case in Hungary
• Driving forces
• market demand, highly profitable, soil
  conditions, farm practices
• Agri-Environmental Measures (Integrated
  Production)
• since 2004, but was remold in 2009
• continuous maize maximum in 3 consecutive years
  (cross compliance)
• BUT if WCR larval damage occurs, maize field
  should be rotated
• share of winter wheat, grain maize and sunflower
  max. 60
• share of leguminous crops should reach 10
  (whole farm, given year)
• How to manage of WCR (western corn rootworm) in
  continuous maize
• ration of continuous and first year maize is
  crucial

9
Grass weed case The crop rotation
The effect of a varied crop rotation
German experiments
10
Grass weed case Chemical weed control

• Choose the right product for the right job!
• Use as little as possible but as much as needed
• Use Decision Support Systems where available,
  e.g. Crop Protection online http//pvo.planteinfo
  .dk/cp/menu/menu.asp?iddemosubjectid1language
  en
• It is a challenge to treat fields individually.
  Where large scale farming is an important
  parameter, it may e.g. be relevant to think about
  a basic- and advanced treatment
• Divide e.g. the fields in groups according to
  problem
• Consider margin and patch spraying in larger scale

11
Grass weed case Prevention of resistance

• Change between products with different modes of
  action
• Avoid using Sulfunylurea-products more than once
  every growing season
• Change between modes of action

This wheat field was in the spring treated with 2
ALS-inhibiting herbicides 110 g Broadway
(florasulampyroxulam) and app. 0.1 l
Iodosulfuron. Lolium perenne is still growing
almost unaffected, which leads to a suspicion of
resistance, it has however not been confirmed.
12
Grass weed case Dispersal of weed seeds

• Through machinery
• As the farms grow bigger, the machinery has to
  cover larger areas, and seeds are very likely to
  be spread
• Therefore remember proper hygiene
• This means
• Harvest the infested fields last, whenever
  possible
• Clean machinery when leaving an infested field
• Keep a stable field margin with perennial herbs,
  to avoid weed infestations to spread from here

13
Grass weed case Evaluation of the effort

• Before harvest, make a field walk to
• Follow up on the crop protection performed
  through the season
• Plan the strategy for the next season
• Make/update the weed map
• A good result starts with proper planning!
• Weed map

14
Case Maize Based Cropping Systems
Net profit of a farm (100 ha) in (Hungary, 2004)
IPM Program 60 maize 20 winter wheat 20
sunflower
Without any IPM 90 maize 10 winter wheat
15
Case of Western Corn Rootworm
Feeding and oviposition by females in maize crop
stand, successful larval development in
subsequent year maize only
WCR BIOLOGY IN CONTEXT OF CROP ROTATION
WCR adults captured in soybean, winter wheat,
sunflower and maize
WCR larvae in subsequent years maize after the
pre-crops listed before
16
Case of Western Corn Rootworm
PROCESS OF THE DECISION ON CROP ROTATION
1. MONITORING
1st year
2nd year

• 2. DECISION
• - risk estimation based on the results of the
  monitoring
• considering other factors (economic,
  environmental, cultivation, etc.)

17
Conclusion Response to general principles of IPM

• Environment
• Reduced quantities of herbicides general
  principle 6
• Agronomy
• Crop rotation general principle 1
• Choice of products general principle 5
• Resistance management general principle 7
• Evaluation, weed map etc. general principle 8
• For further information See the other Training
  Guide-presentations