Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary System

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Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary System

• Definition Integument L.integumentum, a
  covering. A covering consisting of the corium
  or dermis, and epidermis. The integumentary
  system includes the skin and its appendages,
  including the hair and nails.
• Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary 14th edition

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Integument
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Epidermal layers
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Epidermal-dermal junction also known as the
basement membrane. At this junction there is an
exchange of cells and fluid between the dermis
and epidermis. The epidermis normally does not
contain blood vessels or nerves. The skin
usually ranges from 1 1/2 to 4 mm. thick and the
epidermis makes up about 1/10 of a millimeter.
However the keratin layer can increase to about 1
mm on the palms and soles. The epidermis and
dermis are bound together by a series of
projections that grow up (dermal papillae) and
down (rete ridges), which interface with each
other.
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Dermis There are two layers - the papillary and
reticular layers. The dermis underlies the
epidermis and consists of a mucopolysaccharide
matrix in which collagenic and reticular fibers
are found. The dermis contains the blood vessels
and nerves as well as the nutrient supply to the
deeper living layers of the epidermis. The blood
vessels here play an important role in the
regulation of body temperature. The nerve fibers
are scattered throughout the dermis. Some of
them (motor fibers) carry impulses to dermal
muscles and glands, causing these structures to
react. Others (sensory fibers) carry impulses
away from specialized sensory receptors located
within the dermis. One set of dermal receptors
(Pacinian corpuscles) is stimulated by heavy
pressure, while another set (Meissners
corpuscles) is sensitive to light touch. Still
other receptors are stimulated by temperature
changes or factors that can damage tissues.
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Oil and sweat glands
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Hair Structure
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Nail Structure
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Anatomical Structures Not Part of the
Integumentary System Fascia Shiny or dull,
usually white fibrous tissue. This is a firm
tissue that separates tissue planes. Muscle is
usually just underneath the fascia. Infection
can spread along fascial planes - necrotizing
fasciitis. Muscle Dull or beefy red in color.
Highly vascular - has blood vessel supply.
Fibers can tear. Tendons are usually connected
to muscle with bone underneath. Tendon Elastic
fibers, white in color, may be shiny. Often
times covered with a layer of thin tissue-
paratenon. This is the vascular layer of tendon.
Otherwise, tendons are not very vascular. Tendon
attaches muscle to bone. Can cross over joints.
Bone Hard, bright white. May however be
yellowish in color depending on if it has been
exposed to air and the presence of necrotic or
infected tissue. The outer layer of bone is
called the periosteum. Joints Cartilage is
present which is a gleaming, shiny white material
in healthy joints. Joint spaces are enveloped in
joint capsule which is a thin, fibrous material.
Once entered, there is synovial fluid which is
typically a slightly viscous, almost straw
colored fluid. Cartilage is not vascular and has
no innervations. Blood Vessels Tubular shaped
structures which contain blood and provide
nutrients for adjacent tissues as well as return
blood to the heart and lungs. May or may not be
pulsatile.
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Connective tissue that cushions articular
surfaces of bone. Typically clean, white and
shiny. Poor vascularity.
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