Chapter 18 The Rise of Smokestack America

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Chapter 18The Rise of Smokestack America

• The American People, 6th ed.

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The Texture of Industrial Progress
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Technological Innovations

• Advances in technology allowed production to be
  more efficient which in turn generated new needs
  and newer innovations
• New power sources were at the heart of Americas
  shift to mass production electricity was the key
  to a new worldview for most Americans

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Railroads

• Railroads were the first gigantic corporations in
  America
• The government expedited the building of the
  railroads with generous land grants and
  business-friendly regulations
• The high cost of running a railroad necessitated
  cut-throat business practices
• The logistical tangles of the industry prompted
  development of professional management techniques

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Integration

• Vertical Integration adding operations before
  or after the production process such as
  distribution desires all stages of production
• Horizontal Integration the combination of
  multiple similar business ventures under one
  umbrella desires a monopoly of a particular
  market

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Urban Expansion in the Industrial Age
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The Cities

• The central cause of the phenomenal growth of
  cities in this era was their ability to attract
  newcomers from rural areas and abroad
• Work and increased pay rates was the prime
  attraction
• Rural life was often dull

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The New Immigration, 1880-1900

• Over the course of the century, the sources of
  immigrants for the United States changed
• New immigrants came from southern and eastern
  Europe
• New agricultural techniques in these European
  regions removed the need for thousands of farm
  laborers

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III. The Industrial City
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Neighborhoods

• Working-class neighborhoods clustered near the
  citys center
• Usually separated by particular ethnic groups
• These areas were crowded, unsanitary, and
  dangerous
• Community cohesion became the saving force for
  many immigrants

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The Suburbs

• The fringes of the city contained the houses of
  the middle class and the rich
• Public transportation allowed them to work in the
  city center and live outside
• The upper classes often had no idea what
  conditions the working class had to endure

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Industrial Work and the Laboring Class
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Ethnic Diversity

• Immigrants made up a large portion of the working
  class in the late nineteenth century
• The occupational patterns of the workplace are a
  direct result of the ethnic diversity of the
  times
• Whites occupied the top tier, next came northern
  Europeans, next came the new immigrants, and
  finally came African Americans

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The Nature of Work

• A majority of Americans now labored in a factory
  setting or small sweatshop
• Workdays were very long ten hours a day, six
  days a week
• Work was uncomfortable, dangerous, and usually
  repetitively boring accident rates were high
• Sending children into the work forces was a fact
  of survival for many Americans

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V. Capital Versus Labor
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Protests

• Workers and employers constantly struggled for
  control of the workplace
• Workers felt the right to control the pace of
  production in factories and developed strong-arm
  tactics to encourage solidarity within the shop
• Protest came in the guise of absenteeism,
  drunkenness, general inefficiency, and quitting
  work altogether

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Strikes

• The most direct methodology to adjust conditions
  in the workplace was the strike
• Strikes in the nineteenth century usually
  happened at the workplace, replacing neighborhood
  riots
• As collective action spread, unions began to play
  a more active role in arbitration of grievances
• Coordination between workplaces performing the
  same work led to uniform wages and hours

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