Title: Etiquette%20
1Etiquette Equity in Automated Aerospace Systems
- Kevin M. Corker
- Human Automation Integration Laboratory (HAIL)
- San Jose State University
- 11/15/02
2Acknowledgements
- Sponsored by
- NASA Aviation Safety Program
- Dr. Irving Statler technical monitor,
- FAA Office of ATM Architecture
- Mr. Steve Bradford, Chief Scientist, technical
monitor - FAA Office of Chief Scientist for Human Factors,
- Drs. Mark Rodgers and Dr. Paul Krois, technical
monitors
3Structure of Discussion
- Evolution of an etiquette argument
- Automation and etiquette
- Econometric Equity model of etiquette
- Advanced automation and aiding impact
- Process, Goal State and Priorities
- Conclusion and Computational Structures
-
4Automation Issues
- Introduction of automation changes the role of
the operators in the system increases target
capability - Workload and sources for error are distributed
not eliminated - Common Sources of Error in use of automation
- Decision bias
- Mistrust Distrust lead Over Under-reliance
- Monitoring errors
- System authority, autonomy, trust and agents
role - How is automation used, rather then how was it
designed to be used ? - Any number of accidents and incidents determined
to be associated with automated systems - Lack of feedback
- Unidentified interrelations, side effects
- Divergent priority and valuation processes
5Evolution of an etiquette argument
- Evolutionary Psychology the development of a
process of moralistic aggression whose purpose it
is to educate individuals to the standards
expected (Badcock, 2000) - Breaches in etiquette evoke a response that is
disruptive, moralistic and (occasionally)aggressiv
e - Social Psychology Ability to monitor ones own
and others states of emotion and process to use
that information to guide ones thinking and
actions (Salovey and Mayer, 1990) - Cognitive Psychology Dedicated, functionally
specialized interacting mechanisms (Cosmides and
Tooby, 1992) - Guide behavior and thought w/to recurrent
adaptive problems posed by the social world
6Dedicated Practiced Logic
If there is a D on one side there is a 3 on the
other
If a person is drinking beer they must be 21
years of age
7Etiquette and Automation
- Human to Computer Courtesy computer performance
assessment experiments (Reeves Nass, 1996) - Theory of mind Cognitive entities experience
mental states like our own (Premack Woodruff,
1978) - Automated Autism lack of awareness of mental
emotional embeddedness as symptomatic of autism
mind-blind (Baron-Cohen and Howlin, 1989) - Computer to Human Affect (Picard, 1997)
8Etiquette In Aerospace
- Theses
- One purpose for etiquette is to support secondary
communication among interactive agents with
reference to - Conflict free access to scarce resources
- Present process, goal state priorities
- In capacity constrained air traffic management,
access to command control processes is both
necessary and limited - In automation aiding automation response
dependence of system-operator state is essential -
9Joint Cognitive Systems Analysis
- Apply cognitive engineering principles to the
joint cognitive system - What role will the system provide the operator in
nominal and off-nominal operation? - What behavioral data have we when the human is in
that role? - What design augments or offsets that behavior?
- What role will the system provide the automation
in nominal and off-nominal operation? - What performance data have we when the automation
is in that role? - What design augments or offsets that behavior?
10Automation Analysis
- High Full Automation information selection
analyses decision and implementation - Automation informs human/organization on the
basis of rules - Executes actions automatically then informs
human/organization - Allows human/organization override on a limited
time schedule - Mid Executes computer generated plan if
human/organization approves - Automation provides best single alternative
- Automation narrows the available field of
alternatives - Automation provides a complete set of
alternatives - Low All information selection analyses decision
and implementation performed by
human/organization
Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens, 2000
11Dimensions of Automation Impact on Aero-transport
Information Information Decision Action
Acquisition Analysis Selection Implementation
High
Low
12Automated Flight Deck Response to Off Nominal
Conditions
Weiner, 1985
13Separation Standard Required
14(No Transcript)
15Data Link Vs. Voice Error in Standard and
Missed Communication
Lozito et al., 1999
16Data vs. Voice Communication Time In Clarification
Lozito et al., 1999
17Automation Aiding System
- Present Flight Data in Digital Form
- Provide an exploration capability for
alternative flight paths - Provide conflict prediction based on trajectory
synthesis (20 min look ahead) - Current flight path as filed and radar track
- Planned Flight Path
- Flight Deck Aiding System (60-40 sec look ahead)
18Etiquette Equity
- Access can be decomposed into two elements
- Internal Delay Costs Cost incurred by user (x)
in accessing and using a service - External Delay Costs Cost incurred by all other
users of that service as a function of user (x)
occupancy of the resource
- Strategy for Demand Management Cost Equity is to
shift the external costs to internal costs - E.g. by the imposition of a congestion fee
(Vickers, 1969, Daniel, 1995)
19Etiquette Equity(adapted from Andreatta
Odoni, 2002)
- Behaviors that support courtesy impose a cost
to the operator that engages in them - Total Cost to user (Xi) DC CF
- Where DC is the direct cost for access to the
command and control system (attention, bandwidth,
SA, etc.) - And CF is a courtesy fee which is the added cost
to participate through the etiquette of operation
- Intended Result
- - Distribution of external costs equitably
(cooperative queue management)
20Pollaczek-Khintchine Expression
xi ci Wqi (x) Sj1 cjlj (xj)dWq(xmean)/dli(x
i) Ki
21Error Reduction Correlated to Number of
Communication Types
Mjos, 2001
22Etiquette and Aerospace Systems
- Current automated ATM systems do not support
etiquette functions in human-human interaction - Communication is asynchronous, loop closure is
delayed (e.g. digital data link) - Contract State Assurance is missing (shot clock
and flash dash procedures) - Queue Management Functions are missing
- Mechanisms for mediation are clumsy (data link
stand-by message) - Automation is blind to system-operator state
- Hypothesized Result Class of error Response
under load
23Etiquette-based Automation Strategies
- Shared Cost for Access to Scarce Executive
Function - State-sensitive Intervention Strategies
- Interruptive Signaling and Adaptive Response
- Automation and Human Goal States as Scheduling
Mechanism