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Etiquette & Equity in Automated Aerospace Systems Kevin M. Corker Human Automation Integration Laboratory (HAIL) San Jose State University 11/15/02 – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Etiquette%20


1
Etiquette Equity in Automated Aerospace Systems
  • Kevin M. Corker
  • Human Automation Integration Laboratory (HAIL)
  • San Jose State University
  • 11/15/02

2
Acknowledgements
  • Sponsored by
  • NASA Aviation Safety Program
  • Dr. Irving Statler technical monitor,
  • FAA Office of ATM Architecture
  • Mr. Steve Bradford, Chief Scientist, technical
    monitor
  • FAA Office of Chief Scientist for Human Factors,
  • Drs. Mark Rodgers and Dr. Paul Krois, technical
    monitors

3
Structure of Discussion
  • Evolution of an etiquette argument
  • Automation and etiquette
  • Econometric Equity model of etiquette
  • Advanced automation and aiding impact
  • Process, Goal State and Priorities
  • Conclusion and Computational Structures

4
Automation Issues
  • Impact
  • Introduction of automation changes the role of
    the operators in the system increases target
    capability
  • Workload and sources for error are distributed
    not eliminated
  • Common Sources of Error in use of automation
  • Decision bias
  • Mistrust Distrust lead Over Under-reliance
  • Monitoring errors
  • System authority, autonomy, trust and agents
    role
  • How is automation used, rather then how was it
    designed to be used ?
  • Any number of accidents and incidents determined
    to be associated with automated systems
  • Lack of feedback
  • Unidentified interrelations, side effects
  • Divergent priority and valuation processes

5
Evolution of an etiquette argument
  • Evolutionary Psychology the development of a
    process of moralistic aggression whose purpose it
    is to educate individuals to the standards
    expected (Badcock, 2000)
  • Breaches in etiquette evoke a response that is
    disruptive, moralistic and (occasionally)aggressiv
    e
  • Social Psychology Ability to monitor ones own
    and others states of emotion and process to use
    that information to guide ones thinking and
    actions (Salovey and Mayer, 1990)
  • Cognitive Psychology Dedicated, functionally
    specialized interacting mechanisms (Cosmides and
    Tooby, 1992)
  • Guide behavior and thought w/to recurrent
    adaptive problems posed by the social world

6
Dedicated Practiced Logic
If there is a D on one side there is a 3 on the
other
If a person is drinking beer they must be 21
years of age
7
Etiquette and Automation
  • Human to Computer Courtesy computer performance
    assessment experiments (Reeves Nass, 1996)
  • Theory of mind Cognitive entities experience
    mental states like our own (Premack Woodruff,
    1978)
  • Automated Autism lack of awareness of mental
    emotional embeddedness as symptomatic of autism
    mind-blind (Baron-Cohen and Howlin, 1989)
  • Computer to Human Affect (Picard, 1997)

8
Etiquette In Aerospace
  • Theses
  • One purpose for etiquette is to support secondary
    communication among interactive agents with
    reference to
  • Conflict free access to scarce resources
  • Present process, goal state priorities
  • In capacity constrained air traffic management,
    access to command control processes is both
    necessary and limited
  • In automation aiding automation response
    dependence of system-operator state is essential

9
Joint Cognitive Systems Analysis
  • Apply cognitive engineering principles to the
    joint cognitive system
  • What role will the system provide the operator in
    nominal and off-nominal operation?
  • What behavioral data have we when the human is in
    that role?
  • What design augments or offsets that behavior?
  • What role will the system provide the automation
    in nominal and off-nominal operation?
  • What performance data have we when the automation
    is in that role?
  • What design augments or offsets that behavior?

10
Automation Analysis
  • High Full Automation information selection
    analyses decision and implementation
  • Automation informs human/organization on the
    basis of rules
  • Executes actions automatically then informs
    human/organization
  • Allows human/organization override on a limited
    time schedule
  • Mid Executes computer generated plan if
    human/organization approves
  • Automation provides best single alternative
  • Automation narrows the available field of
    alternatives
  • Automation provides a complete set of
    alternatives
  • Low All information selection analyses decision
    and implementation performed by
    human/organization

Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens, 2000
11
Dimensions of Automation Impact on Aero-transport
Information Information Decision Action
Acquisition Analysis Selection Implementation
High
Low
12
Automated Flight Deck Response to Off Nominal
Conditions
Weiner, 1985
13
Separation Standard Required
14
(No Transcript)
15
Data Link Vs. Voice Error in Standard and
Missed Communication
Lozito et al., 1999
16
Data vs. Voice Communication Time In Clarification
Lozito et al., 1999
17
Automation Aiding System
  • Present Flight Data in Digital Form
  • Provide an exploration capability for
    alternative flight paths
  • Provide conflict prediction based on trajectory
    synthesis (20 min look ahead)
  • Current flight path as filed and radar track
  • Planned Flight Path
  • Flight Deck Aiding System (60-40 sec look ahead)

18
Etiquette Equity
  • Access can be decomposed into two elements
  • Internal Delay Costs Cost incurred by user (x)
    in accessing and using a service
  • External Delay Costs Cost incurred by all other
    users of that service as a function of user (x)
    occupancy of the resource
  • Strategy for Demand Management Cost Equity is to
    shift the external costs to internal costs
  • E.g. by the imposition of a congestion fee
    (Vickers, 1969, Daniel, 1995)

19
Etiquette Equity(adapted from Andreatta
Odoni, 2002)
  • Behaviors that support courtesy impose a cost
    to the operator that engages in them
  • Total Cost to user (Xi) DC CF
  • Where DC is the direct cost for access to the
    command and control system (attention, bandwidth,
    SA, etc.)
  • And CF is a courtesy fee which is the added cost
    to participate through the etiquette of operation
  • Intended Result
  • - Distribution of external costs equitably
    (cooperative queue management)

20
Pollaczek-Khintchine Expression
xi ci Wqi (x) Sj1 cjlj (xj)dWq(xmean)/dli(x
i) Ki
21
Error Reduction Correlated to Number of
Communication Types
Mjos, 2001
22
Etiquette and Aerospace Systems
  • Current automated ATM systems do not support
    etiquette functions in human-human interaction
  • Communication is asynchronous, loop closure is
    delayed (e.g. digital data link)
  • Contract State Assurance is missing (shot clock
    and flash dash procedures)
  • Queue Management Functions are missing
  • Mechanisms for mediation are clumsy (data link
    stand-by message)
  • Automation is blind to system-operator state
  • Hypothesized Result Class of error Response
    under load

23
Etiquette-based Automation Strategies
  • Shared Cost for Access to Scarce Executive
    Function
  • State-sensitive Intervention Strategies
  • Interruptive Signaling and Adaptive Response
  • Automation and Human Goal States as Scheduling
    Mechanism
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