Unit 2: Cells

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Unit 2 Cells Chapter 4 Cells and Energy
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UNIT 2 Cells Chapter 4 Cells and Energy   I.
Chemical Energy and ATP (4.1)   A. The
________________used for most cell processes is
carried by _______   1. All ________-based
molecules in _____ store chemical energy in
their ________  
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 a. _________________ and _________ most
important energy sources.   b. Energy comes from
food indirectly       
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2. All cells use energy carried by _________ a.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is molecule that
transfers energy from breakdown of food b. ATP
carries energy cells can use c. Used for
________________,__________ ____________ by
___________ transport, etc.        
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 3. Energy of ATP released when ___________
__________ is removed   a. Bond holding third
phosphate group is unstable and very easily
broken       
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b. When loses 3rd phosphate group, ATP become
_______ (adenosine diphosphate)   1). ADP is a
lower energy molecule than ATP 2). Can be
converted back into ATP with addition of
________ (adding phosphate group)       
   
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3). The breakdown of ATP to ADP and production
of ATP from ADP can be represented by
________.   4). This requires complex group of
proteins to help.         
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The most important energy storing compound is
______
A
P
P
P
ATP
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B. Organisms break down _________-based molecules
to produce ________ 1. ________ you eat does not
contain _____ a. Food must first be __________
(break down into smaller molecules) b. Foods
provide different amounts of energy
(__________)       
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 2. Number of ATP molecules depends on type of
molecule broken down (___________, _________,
__________) a. __________________ most commonly
broken down to make ATP b. Break down of
____________ yields _______ molecules of ATP  
     
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3. Fats store about 80 of energy in your
body   a. When broken down, yield the most
ATP   b. A typical triglyceride yields about
________ molecules of ATP         
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4. ____________ have about as much ATP as
carbohydrates a. Less likely to be broken
down b. ______________ needed to build new
proteins            
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5. _________ also need ATP   a. Plants do not
eat to obtain energy   b. Use energy produced by
_______________ (make sugars from
sunlight)          
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C. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight
and photosynthesis as a source of energy 1. Some
organisms use _________________ to produce
energy (sugars) 2. Used by organisms in
hydrothermal vents (deep ocean)     
   
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II. Overview of Photosynthesis (4.2)   A.
Photosynthetic organisms are _________   1.
Producers make their own source of
___________________        
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2. Plants use _______________ and are
producers           
a. ______________ is process that captures
_________ from sunlight to make _________ that
store chemical energy
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b. Uses __________ light made up of several
colors (wavelengths) of light.    
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 1). Plants use molecule in _____________ called
__________________ 2). Two main types of
chlorophyll  
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 a. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b   b. Absorb
mostly ______ and ______ wavelengths.      
   
c. Plants appear __________ because reflect green
light (not absorbed)  
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B. Photosynthesis in plants occurs in
____________   1. Most of chloroplast are in
leaf cells          
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2. Two main parts of _______________ needed for
photosynthesis a. _______- stacks of
coin-shaped, membrane- enclosed compartments
called ____________. b. Membrane in thylakoids
contain _________________ c. _________ is the
fluid that surrounds grana        
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C. Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages   1.
_____________________ (capture energy from
sunlight)            
a. Occurs within and across membrane of
_____________   b. ______ and _____________ are
needed.
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c. Light dependent reactions 1).
_________________ absorbs energy from sunlight.
(photosystem)      
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2). ___________ transferred along thylakoid
membrane.  3). ________ molecules broken
down.  4).___________molecules produced    
     
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 3). H2O molecules ______________.  4). Oxygen
molecules ____________          
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2. _____________________(uses energy produced
from light-dependent reactions) a. Occur in the
___________ of chloroplasts         
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b. ___________ needed 1). ________ added to
cycle to build larger molecules
(____________cycle) 2). _________ from light
dependent reactions is used 3). Molecule of
simple sugar is produced (usually
__________C6H12O6)          
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3. Equation for whole photosynthetic
process  6___ 6___ ? ????_______ 6___  
     
____, _______
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CO2
________________Reactions
______ cycle
O2
Glucose
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D. Functions of Photosynthesis   1. Plant
produce ________ for themselves and other
organisms    
2. Animals use ________ produced by
photosynthesis in __________________(released
stored energy)
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 3. It provides materials for plant growth and
development (simple sugars bonded together to
form carbohydrates like ________ and
____________)           
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4. Regulates Earths environment (removes
__________________from Earths atmosphere)   
     
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Which of the graphs represents the effect of
light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
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Which of the graphs represents the effect of
temperature on the rate of photosynthesis?
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III. Overview of Cellular Respiration (4.4)   A.
Cellular respiration makes _______ by breaking
down _________ and other carbon- based molecules
to make ATP            
1. Cellular respiration is ________ (requires
__________) 2. Takes place in _________________
(cellpowerhouse)
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B. Process starts with _____________ (means
glucose breaking)   1. 6-carbon glucose broken
into two 3- carbon molecules of pyruvic
acid   2. Produces 2 molecules of _______ (makes
4, but uses 2 ATP net of 2 ATP)  
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3. anaerobic process (does not require
_________) 4. Takes place in _______________ 5.
Products of glycolysis used in respiration
process.          
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C. Cellular respiration is like mirror image of
_____________________ 1. Chemical equation for
cellular respiration is basically the
___________- of that for photosynthesis 2.
Structures in __________________ and
________________ are similar 6CO2 6H2O ?
????____________ 6_______
____________ ________ ? ???6CO2 6H2O
   
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D. Cellular Respiration takes place in two main
stages   
1. Krebs cycle- takes place in interior space of
______________.
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 a. 3-carbon molecules produced in glycolysis are
broken down in a cycle of chemical
reactions              
b. _____________is given off (CO2)   c. _______
produced is transferred to 2nd stage (energy in
the form of ATP and other charged molecules-
NADH and FADH2)
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2. Electron Transport Chain-    
a. Takes place in inner membrane b. Energy
transferred to electron transport chain
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 c. _________ enters process and picks up
electrons and hydrogen to make H2O (water) d.
________ produced (34 to 36 molecules) for a
total of 36 to 38 including glycolysis e. Many
___________ required for process    
   
2
2
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E. Overall equation of cellular respiration  
_______ 6_____ ? ???6____ 6____   
     
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F. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration (reactants of photosynthesis are same
as products of cellular respiration)      
     
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IV. Fermentation (4.6) A. Fermentation allows
_________ to continue   1. Fermentation allows
glycolysis to continue making _____ when
_________ is unavailable  
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 2. Fermentation is an ___________ process    
     
a. Occurs when oxygen not available for
cellular respiration   b. Does not produce
ATP 3. NAD is recycled to glycolysis
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B. ________________fermentation- occurs in muscle
cells   1. Glycolysis splits __________ into two
pyruvate molecules   2. Pyruvate and NADH enter
fermentation        
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 3. Energy from NADH converts pyruvate into
lactic acid   4. NADH is changed back into
NAD        
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C. ___________ fermentation- similar to lactic
acid fermentation  
1. Products of alcoholic fermentation include
______, ______, ______ 2. Glycolysis splits
glucose and products enter fermentation
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 3. Energy from NADH is used to spit pyruvate
into an alcohol and carbon dioxide   4. NADH is
changed back into NAD   5. NAD is recycled to
glycolysis 
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Energy and Exercise
Quick Energy

• Cells contain only enough ATP for a few seconds
  of intense activity

• Then cells rely on _____________fermentation (can
  supply for about 90 seconds)

• Lactic acid build-up causes ___________ in
  muscles. Only way to get rid of lactic acid is
  chemical pathway that requires oxygen (why you
  breathe heavy after heavy excercise.)

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Long Term Energy

• Cellular respiration only way to produce
  continuous supply of_______

• Energy stored in muscles and other tissue in form
  of carbohydrate ____________

• Enough glycogen for about 15 to 20 min.

• When glycogen used up, body breaks down other
  stored molecules including _______, for energy.

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A variety of organic molecules can be utilized to
produce energy. These molecules enter the Krebs
cycle different stages.