From Republic to Empire

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From Republic to Empire
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Roman Republic Collapses

• CAUSES
• Lower classes discontent
• Breakdown of military order
• Economic Turmoil
• Gap b/t rich and poor increases

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Help is Here!

• Two brothers attempt to help Romes urban poor
  (Tiberius Gaius Gracchus)
• Proposed reforms
• Limit size of estates give land to poor
• Outraged many senators (why?) and soon met
  VIOLENT deaths
• Led to a period of civil war b/t rich and poor

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Ineffective Military?

• No longer loyal to Rome
• Generals break away and seize power
• Landless poor recruited as soldiers (why?)
• Rise of Julius Caesar

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Julius Caesar

• Military leader
• Formed the Triumvirate that ruled Rome for 10
  years (along w/Crassus Pompey)
• Conquered Gaul (France)popular w/Romans
• Caesars new popularity made Pompey jealous
• Senate, Caesar you must disband legions
• Caesar refuses

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CaesarDictator

• After winning his campaign against Pompey, the
  Senate declared Caesar DICTATOR
• 2 years later, Caesar declares himself Dictator
  for LIFE

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Caesars Reforms

• Governed as an Absolute Ruler (total power)
• Reforms
• Roman citizenship granted to ppl in provinces
• Expanded Senate (loyalty rewarded)
• Created jobs (helped poor)
• Increased soldiers pay

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Reaction of Other Senators

• Feared Caesars growing popularity
• Tyrant???
• Assassination of Caesar (Marcus Brutus Gaius
  Cassius)
• March 15, 44 BC, Caesar stabbed to death in
  Senate chamber

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FOR CAESAR!

• Second Triumvirate formed
• Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus (powerful
  politician)
• 43 BC took control of Rome
• Soon after, triumvirate fell apart (jealousy
  violence)

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Augustus is BORN!!

• After defeating Antony Cleopatra, Octavian
  becomes the unchallenged ruler of Rome
• Accepts title of Augustus meaning Exalted One
• Rome an empire ruled by 1 man

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New Roman Empire

• Rule of Augustus Pax Romana (Roman Peace)
• Successful empire (why?)
• Very stable effective government

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Success Under Augustus

• Glorified Rome w/elaborate buildings
• Civil service (workers paid to manage govts
  affairs)
• Postal service
• Even after Augustus death, the empire remained
  stable

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Trade in the Empire, AD 200
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Slavery In Rome

• Were conquered peoples
• Men, women, and children
• Children of slaves were slaves
• City and farm work
• Most were treated cruelly
• Gladiators
• Slave revolts were unsuccessful

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Government Religion?

• Government religion linked
• Deities were symbols of the state
• Expected to honor gods in public and private

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Entertainment to Control the Masses

• Gladiator fights games
• Free to the public
• Celebrations in the Roman Colosseum