The Imperial Republic

1
The Imperial Republic

• Chapter 20

2
Progress and Imperialism

• 1. European Nations in Africa and Asia
• 2. Americans in Appalachian West, Louisiana
  Territory, Florida, Texas, Oregon, Mexico
  Territory, Oregon/Washington Alaska

3
William Seward

• 1. Alaska (1860s)
• Purchased for 7.2 million
• Sewards Folly
• 2. Midway Islands (1867)

4
Stirrings of ImperialismThe New Manifest Destiny

• Increase of Foreign Trade
• 1870 exports 382 million
• 1900 exports 1.4 billion closing of the
  frontier - Frederick Jackson Turner
• demand for new territory
• bitter social protests and the need for outlet

5
Senator Beveridgefrom Indiana

• We are raising more than we can consume.
  Today, we are making more than we can use.
  Therefore, we must find new markets for our
  produce, new occupation for our capital, new work
  for our labor.

Imperialist fever in Europe
6
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

• we must not fall out of line of the march
• Social Darwinism and the advancement of the
  Anglo-Saxon race
• Alfred T. Mahan and the importance of naval power
• 1870s shipbuilding program
• 1898 fifth in the world 1900 third in the world

Alfred T. Mahan
Henry Cabot Lodge
7
Hemispheric Hegemony

• Secretary of State James Blaine expands Americas
  influence in Latin America
• Blaine wanted inter-American customs union and
  arbitration in disputes
• Gets Pan-American Union weak
• Cleveland and a near war with Britain over
  boundary dispute with Venezuela

8
Hawaii

• Pressure for American Presence
• naval base?
• Americans who had settled on the islands
• Lead-in History
• 1500 BC Polynesian people
• 1790s first American settlers from New England
• King Kamehameha welcomes traders
• 1830s William Hooper first sugar planter
• Prime Minister GP Judd

9
Hawaii Continued

• American Impact
• Another genocide (disease and religion)
• 1875 agreement allows sugar to enter USA duty
  free in trade for Pearl Harbor
• sugar planters dominate and divide
• Queen Liliuokalani
• American Revolution and the fight against taxes
  becomes a fight for statehood
• treaty of annexation tied up in party politics
  finally ratified 1898

10
Samoan Islands

• 1878 Hayes administration extracts treaty from
  Samoan leaders giving them access to harbor at
  Pago Pago and a hand in their dealings with
  other countries
• Great Britain and Germany have interest in Samoa
  major division, but deal made where US keeps Pago
  Pago

11
War With Spain

• Impact changing American attitude from idea to
  fierce expression.

12
Controversy over Cuba

• Cubans resisting Spanish rule since 1868 battle
  for independence in which US does not intervene
• 1895 Cuba rises up again
• due impart to bad economy caused by American
  tariffs on sugar
• atrocities by Cubans, Butcher Welyer American
  Press

Butcher Welyer
13
Pulitzer vs. Hearst Yellow Journalism

• you furnish the pictures and Ill furnish the
  war
• Hearst and Pulitzer dressed as Yellow Kid
  cartoon (printed with yellow ink) and where term
  yellow journalism comes from.

14
Cuba Libre clubs
-Cleveland and McKinley different attitudes
towards war -1897 Cuban insurrection loosing
ground looks as if war might be averted
15
Two events that changed everything

• Dupuy de Lome wrote a letter that was intercepted
  that called McKinley weak
• American battleship Maine blew up in Havana
  harbor
• 260 dead
• later reports concluded the explosion was caused
  inside the ship

Dupuy de Lome
Maine
Remember the Maine!
McKinley asks for Declaration of War April 25
16
A Splendid Little War

• April to August 1898
• mopping up exercise
• Problems facing the American Soldier
• 460 Americans killed in battle / 5,200 others
  died of disease
• supply problems
• heavy uniforms
• malnourishment
• poor mobilization effort
• from frontier to regimented battle
• African American Soldiers
• Segregated regiments
• interesting travels through the South
• Cuban insurgents fight blacks with whites
  (Antonio Maceo)
• Major roll at San Juan Hill and won many medals

17
Seizing the Philippines

• No agency in the American military had clear
  authority over strategic planning (pre-Pentagon)
• Theodore Roosevelt
• Assistant Secretary of the Navy
• Ardent imperialist
• Active proponent of the war
• Minor figure in the military hierarchy but
  orders Commodore George Dewey to attack naval
  forces in the Philippines (a colony of Spain) in
  the event of the war

Theodore Roosevelt
18
Philippines Continued

• On May 1 1898 Dewey sailed into Manila Bay and
  completely destroyed the aging Spanish fleet
• Manila surrenders, Dewey is a hero, everyone
  celebrates
• What had begun as a war to free Cuba was becoming
  a war to strip Spain of its colonies

19
Battle for Cuba

• hurried incompetence is the character of the US
  invasion
• Colonel Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

-jingo fever -Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill -TR
unscathed, but 100 of his soldiers were killed or
wounded -the greatest day of my life
20
Cuba Continued

• Spanish surrender
• disaster seemed eminent because US ships could
  not enter the harbor at Santiago because of mines
• Lack of Communication
• the Spanish govt had already decided Santiago
  was lost
• ordered Cervera to evacuate out of the harbor
• waiting American squadron destroyed his entire
  fleet
• Terms of surrender
• Spain recognizes Cuban independence
• Ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States
• Accepted American occupation of Manila

21
Puerto Rico and the United States

• many rebellions against Spain during the 1800s
• annexation takes place with little controversy in
  the US
• original relationship between PR and US was
  colonial
• Jones Act of 1917 makes all PR citizens
• economy very dependent on foreign trade
• continued debate closer ties to US or
  independence

22
The Debate over the Philippines

• large and densely populated territory thousands
  of miles away
• McKinley claimed divine guidance for his decision
  to accept responsibility for the islands
• returning them to Spain cowardly and
  dishonorable
• turning them over to another imperialist power
  would be bad business and discreditable
• Filipinos as unfit for self-government
• Solution educate and Christianize them

23
Treaty of Paris 1898

• Confirmed terms of the Armistice re Cuba, Guam
  and PR
• Spain surprised when Americans demand Philippines
• Americans offer 20 million for it

24
Debate Continued

• Powerful anti-imperialist movement in the United
  States
• against Americas commitment to human freedom
• polluting of the American population
• Industrial workers feared being undercut by cheap
  labor
• Large standing army
• Anti-Imperialist League
• Powerful pro-imperialist forces
• war as good
• business opportunities
• Republicans saw advantage of winning a war
• People thought it would be easy after all the US
  already owned the islands

25
Debate Continued

• Uncivilized Filipinos status of American
  Indians
• 14th Amendment
• William Jennings Bryan surprise support backfires
• Treaty ratified Feb 6 1899
• McKinley wins re-election by a bigger
  landslidewith T. Roosevelt on the ticket

26
The Republic as Empire-Governing the Colonies

• Some American Dependencies presented little
  problems Hawaii, Alaska and Puerto Rico
• territorial status and citizenship
• US navy took control of Guam and Tutuila

27

• Cuba was a problem
• US built roads, schools, hospitals and introduced
  legal, financial and medical advances
• BUT imperial dominance / economic domination
• Cuba passes a constitution with no reference to
  the US
• US passes Platt Amendment
• gave US right to intervene in Cuba
• American naval stations in Cuba
• Left Cuba with only nominal political
  independence
• Rebellion to Yankee Imperialism

28
The Philippine War

• Results
• One of Americas longest wars (1898-1902)
• 4,300 American deaths (10x the number that died
  in combat during the Spanish American war)
• 50,000? Filipinos
• guerilla tactics by Filipinos
• Brutality similar to Spaniards
• American miscalculations
• numbers
• level of support for Emilio Aguinaldo
• Decision more brutal
• Filipino prisoners of war executed
• Concentration camps
• Destroyed villages, crops and livestock
• shoot everyone over the age of 10
• 15 Filipinos for every one wounded US Civil War
  1 person dead for every five wounded
• Secure Possession
• Aguinaldo captured and signs treaty urging
  followers to stop fighting
• War revived intermittently until as late as 1906
• William Howard Taft first governor of
  Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo
29
The Open Door

• China had long represented a major economic
  interest to western powers
• By 1900 England, France, Germany, Russia and
  Japan were beginning to carve up China among
  themselves
• concessions and territory seizures
• McKinley wants America to have trading power in
  China but wishes to avoid war
• Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are
  ready to accord the open door to others

30
The Open Door Continued

• John Hay comes up with Open Door Notes
  addressed to England, Germany, Russia, France,
  Japan and Italy and had three parts
• Each nation with a sphere of influence in China
  was to respect the rights and privileges of other
  nations in its sphere
• Chinese officials were to continue to collect
  tariff duties in all spheres
• Nations were not to discriminate against other
  nations in levying port dues and railroad rates
  within their own spheres

John Hay
31
The Open Door Continued, Again

• Some negative response to Open Door, but Jay
  asserts that its final and definitive
• unless US is willing to go to war, it could not
  enforce the policy
• Boxer Rebellion
• martial-arts society takes control of British
  embassy in Peking
• Imperial powers send in combined forces to rescue
  diplomats
• in August of 1900 breaks the siege
• McKinley and Hay use the Rebellion as a
  springboard for Open Door policy

32
Modern Military System

• Spanish American War demonstrated tremendous
  problems in American military
• McKinley appoints Elihu Root, a corporate lawyer
  from New York, to supervise military overhaul
  between 1900-1903
• enlarged from 25,000-100,000
• National Guard never again state militias to
  fight a war
• Joint Chiefs of Staff military advisory to
  Secretary of War
• Establishment of a central planning agency

Elihu Root