Daily Life in the Gilded Age

1
Daily Life in the Gilded Age

• Chapter 17 Section 1
• Angela Brown

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Education

• End of the Civil War ½ of white children attended
  free public schools.
• High school diploma the exception
• 1870 2 of 17 year olds graduated from high
  school few went to college
• 1900 31 states had laws requiring children ages
  8-14 to attend school.
• 1910 60 U.S. children attended school with
  more than a million students in high school.

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Immigrants and Education

• Many immigrants placed a high value on U.S.
  public education.
• One of the most important functions of public
  schools was to teach literacy.
• Literacy Skills the ability to read and write
• Public school played a role in assimilating
  immigrants to the American way of life.

4

• Assimilation the process by which people of one
  culture become part of another.
• Teachers taught thrift, patriotism and hard work.
• Fearing Americanization, many immigrants sent
  their children to religious schools where they
  could learn their own cultural traditions in
  their native language.
• As immigrants shared customs and habits from
  their own homelands, they enriched their new
  country and helped to redefine American culture.

5
Uneven Support for Schools

• Schools for African Americans received far less
  money than white schools.
• Mexican American in parts of the Southwest and
  California were segregated and less funded.
• 1900, a small percentage of Native American
  children were receiving any formal schooling.

6
Higher Education Expands

• 1880-1900 more than 250 new American colleges and
  universities opened.
• Rockefeller 40 million to University of Chicago.
• 1890s average annual incomes just under a
  thousand dollars.
• Few could afford college.
• 1915 some middle income families to college.
• The availability of advanced education would
  distinguish the U.S. from other industrialized
  nations.

7
Women in Higher Education

• Educators and philanthropists established private
  womens colleges with high academic standards.
• 1865 Vassar College, NY
• Under pressure to admit women, some mens
  colleges founded separate institutions for women.

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• 1873 Cornwell and Boston University welcomed
  women as students and professors.
• 1879 Harvard in Massachusetts established
  Radcliffe.
• 1886 Tulane University in Louisiana established
  Sophie Newcomb College.
• 1889 Columbia in NY opened Barnard.

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• 1891 Brown in Rhode Island started Pembroke.
• Coed universities Oberlin, Knox, Antioch,
  Swarthmore, and Bates existed before the Civil
  War.
• Most scholarships went to men, if they could
  afford college parents feared college made
  daughters too independent or unmarriageable
  unacceptable friends.

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African Americans and Higher Education

• Had to fight prejudice
• Oberlin, Bates, Bowdoin accepted African
  Americans
• 1890 160 African Americans attending white
  colleges.
• African American Colleges Fisk, Atlanta
  Hampton Institute and Howard founded through
  American Missionary Association.

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• 1856 Wilberforce University in Ohio - nations
  oldest African American school
• 1900 2,000 students had graduation from 34
  African American schools
• African American colleges accepted both women and
  men however it has been estimated that 30 black
  women were in college in 1891.

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Booker T. Washington

• 1856 born into slavery
• 1872 attended Hampton Institute in Virginia.
• Founded Tuskegee Institute in 1881.
• Taught skills and attitudes to help succeed in
  life put aside desire for political equality.

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Booker T. Washington

• Focused on economic security by gaining
  vocational skills.
• Win white acceptance eventually by succeeding
  economically
• Relieved fears of whites who thought education
  would call for more equality within society.

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Booker T. Washington

• Washington was consulted by whites on race
  relations.
• T. Roosevelt invited him to the White House in
  1901.
• Autobiography, Up From Slavery 1901 classic

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W.E.B. DuBois

• Graduated Fisk University
• 1895 first African American to earn a Ph.D from
  Harvard.
• Taught at Atlanta University.
• 1905 help found Niagara Movement.
• A group of African Americans called for full
  civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination,
  and recognition of Human brotherhood.

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W.E.B. DuBois

• DuBois argued the brightest African Americans had
  to lead their people in a quest for political and
  social equality and civil rights.
• Urged advanced liberal arts education rather than
  vocational like Washington.
• Rejected Washingtons message Atlanta Compromise

19

• 1910 became publications director for NAACP.
• (National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People)
• Be proud of African and American heritage he
  stressed.
• Wrote, The Souls of Black Folk