The Gilded Age 2 Daily Life

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The Gilded Age 2 Daily Life

• HUSH Unit 7

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The Expansion of Education

• More people in public schools and literate
• 1870- 2 in HS
• 1900-32 states required school to age 14
• 1910- 60 of all children attended school
• The poor, immigrants, and minorities still lagged
  behind

3
Higher Education for Women

• As with other reforms, there was a struggle to
  gain advances in women's educational
  opportunities.
  
• The first colleges to accept women were
• Tulane
• Sophie Newcomb
• Radcliffe (Harvards all-woman counterpart)

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Higher Education for African Americans

• Historically all-black colleges
• Howard
• Fisk
• Atlanta University Center

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Booker T. Washington

• Former slave and founder of Tuskegee Institute
• School for blacks that taught farming, carpentry,
  brick making, shoemaking, printing and
  cabinetmaking
  
• Believed that blacks should first build economic
  power and then political power would follow
  
• September, 1895, Washington became a national
  figure when one of his speeches was widely
  reported by the country's newspapers.
  
• Washington's conservative views made him popular
  with white politicians
  
• Other African-American leaders did not agree with
  his ideas and the movement split

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Counter Movement to Tuskegee

• WEB Du Bois
• Led the Niagara Movement
• Called for the end of racism NOW!
• Did not agree with B. Washington and charged that
  the best and the brightest must lead the others
  towards equality now through politics and a quest
  for justice.
• The Souls of Black Folks- most famous publication

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Excerpt from The Souls of Black Folks

• Herein lie buried many things which if read with
  patience may show the strange meaning of being
  black here in the dawning of the Twentieth
  Century. This meaning is not without interest to
  you, Gentle Reader for the problem of the
  Twentieth Century is the problem of the
  color-line.
• W.E.B.Du Bois

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New Forms of Entertainment in the Gilded Age

• Vaudeville shows- generally white singers and
  musicians who traveled throughout the country
  
• Minstrel shows- white singers who dressed in
  black face paint and perpetuated racial
  inequalities sometimes black singers put on
  blackface as well

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Music in the Gilded Age

• Jazz and Ragtime music most popular
• Started within the African-American community in
  and around New Orleans and other southern cities
  
• Scott Joplin most famous composer and musician

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Popular Publications in the Gilded Age

• Newspapers
• In order to increase circulation, newspapers
  often exploited their position by sponsoring a
  flamboyant and irresponsible approach to news
  
• The term yellow journalism was born
• If it bleeds it leads
• Joseph Pulitzer- sensational NY journalism
• Wm. Randolph Hearst- sensational West coast
  journalism

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Popular Publications in the Gilded Age

• Magazines
• Weekly, monthly stories
• Most popular
• Horatio Alger stories
• Fiction/myths of rags to riches
• Fed into social Darwinism beliefs
• Books-
• Mark Twain
• Bret Harte and other adventure stories

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Sports in the Gilded Age

• Sports became popular spectator activity
• Beginning of team and pro sports
• Baseball led the way
• The national pastime"
• 1869 The Cincinnati Red Stockings became the
  first openly-salaried team and are thus
  considered the first professional team.
  
• Boxing, basketball, bicycling, football also
  became popular
  

13
The World of Jim Crow

• Character in minstrel shows (traveling musical
  review) called Jim Crow
  
• This name was attached to the laws and
  regulations passed after Reconstruction that
  attempted to keep African Americans from
  achieving equality
• Jim Crow laws- voting, jobs, accommodations, and
  education
  
• Included Poll taxes, Grandfather clauses, white
  primaries

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Plessey v Ferguson

• 1896 Supreme Court case concerning the legality
  of having separate railroad cars for white
  
• Did this violate the equal protection clause of
  the 14th Amendment??
  
• The Supreme Court said, NO, citing the idea of
  separate but equal
  
• Set back equality for blacks almost 70 years

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The Rise of Hate Groups

• Violence and lynching in many areas
• Often due to lack of jobs and the economic
  instability of era
  
• KKK and other hate groups became popular in South
  AND North
  
• Race riots in Atlanta
• Northern violence was also on the rise
• Race riots in NY and Springfield, IL

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The National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People- NAACP

• The NAACP was organized in 1909
• Concern over race riots and Jim Crow
• Many Niagara Movement leaders joined and combined
  forces with whites to overcome inequalities and
  violence
  
• WEB Du Bois charged that Booker T. Washington was
  not helping the cause by remaining quiet
  
• The NAACP grew rapidly into a national group
• Is still important today in civil rights causes

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Womens Rights in the Gilded Age

• Important Issues
• Should women have equality?? Should they work
  outside the home?
  
• Should they get the right to vote?
• Helped with womens independence
• Department stores
• Mail order catalogs
• Rural Free Delivery-RFD
• More outside-the-home jobs available
• But mostly domestic work, industry, and service
  industry not professional jobs

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The New Woman era

• Wealthy women also participated
• Volunteered for protests
• Womens clubs boomed
• By turn of the century- things began to change-
• Fashion, books, and music

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Margaret Sanger-

• Margaret Sanger was educated as and worked as a
  nurse.
  
• In her work with poor women on the Lower East
  Side of New York, she was aware of the effects of
  unplanned and unwelcome pregnancies.
  
• She came to believe in the importance to women's
  lives and women's health of the availability of
  birth control, a term which she's credited with
  inventing.
• In 1912, Sanger gave up nursing work to gave
  advice about birth control
  
• This was against the law
• The Comstock Act

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The Endfor Fall Semester Notes!

• Be ready for the Unit 7 Test!
• Read and study notes!