The Transformation of American Society

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The Transformation of American Society
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New Wave of Immigrants

• Between 1860-1890, 10 million immigrants arrived
  in the US
• (largest worldwide population movement ever)
• (began as mostly Western European Immigrants)
• Shift to Eastern Southern Europeans

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Immigrant work force

• 1 out of 3 industrial workers was an immigrant
• Companies, like railroads, began to advertise in
  countries around the world
• (Most travelled to America in steerage)

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Arriving

• Immigrants arrived to US through Ellis (NY) or
  Angel (CA) Islands

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Physical exams ?

• The passengers who arrived at Ellis Island in
  steerage were given physical exams on the
  platform
• (mentally insane, the ill, and criminals were all
  immediately deported)
• (First class passengers were given an inspection
  in the privacy of their cabins)

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Immigrants and prejudice

• While reasons for coming to US hadnt changed,
  reaction to them did
• Most new immigrants were Jewish or Catholic
• (old elites white, protestant males thought
  these new immigrants were members of an inferior
  race)
• (Many Slavic, Jewish and Italian immigrants were
  lynched in the South)

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Nativism

• Opposed immigration for many reasons
• Threat because they were too different to fit
  into an American crowd
• Blamed them for crime, poverty violence
• Immigrants worked jobs for less pay (kept wages
  low)
• Rise of radicalism (remember Haymarket)
• Blamed immigrants for political disorder

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The Last Yankee Cartoon from magazine depicting
"the last yankee", a result of unrestricted
immigration into the United States. The last
yankee stands amidst a crowd of immigrants.
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Chinese Restrictions

• After the Panic of 1873, unemployment was high
• Led to tolerance of Chinese laborers in West to
  fade
• 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act (1st anti-Chinese
  immigration law)
• Denied citizenship to those born in China the
  poor and criminals were not allowed entrance

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An Anti-Chinese illustration from the San
Francisco Wasp
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The Immigration Restriction League

• Founded in 1883 by Harvard graduates
• Distinguished between old and new immigrants
• (New immigrants were racially distinct from the
  Anglo-Saxon immigrants from W. Europe)
• Wanted literacy test for all immigrants
• (Pres. Grant said not no, but heck no)
• (Congress tried a few more times for this w/o
  success)

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The Urban World, the New South, and the growth of
the Plains
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The business cycle

• America has a history of a boom bust economic
  pattern
• Rapid growth followed by sharp depressions
• With this economic growth came wide-scale
  poverty

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Urban industrial life

• Industrialization brought changes to the daily
  lives of most
• After the civil war, more people were buying
  clothing and other goods made in factories.

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Shift to wage work

• In 1860, ½ of American workers were self-employed
• (farmers, artisans, merchants)
• By 1900 2/3 of American workers were wage-earners
• Armington and
• Sims Engine Company
• Factory 1890

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Rise of Fossil Fuels

• New technology allowed for a new forms of
  mass-energy
• Oil, coal, natural gas
• (extracted in large quantities from the earth and
  shipped across the country by rail)

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Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous

• New class of VERY wealthy American spent their
  money freely
• Rise of 5th Avenue
• Focused on imitating Victorian attitudes and
  styles

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Middle Class

• Workers with specialized talents
• Educators, doctors, engineers, lawyers
• Middle class women had more time due to
  ready-made goods
• (why?)

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Settlement Houses

• Settlement house community service center
• (like a modern day shelter)

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Hull House

• Chicago, (1889)
• Provided cultural educational support to the
  poor
• Run by college-educated women
• (also was her private home)
• (Had access to a nursery and a kindergarten, a
  public kitchen, and access to public baths and a
  playground.)

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Religion and reform

• Salvation Army
• Founded by William Booth in London
• Brought to United states in 1880s
• Soldiers fighting the slums bringing religion
  into their lives (hence the name Salvation Army)

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Social Gospel

• Apply Christian values to helping the poor
• Emergence of YMCAs
• to help young men get used to city life without
  losing their religion
• (will be influential through New Deal era under
  FDR)

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Social Gospel

• Idea that you can bring the Kingdom of Heaven
  to Earth.
• Walter Rauschenbusch
• (Baptist social reformer)
• Poor were not in Gods disfavor
• (restore Christian values such as -the meek will
  inherit the Earth do unto others and you
  would have done unto yourself)

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The New South

• Phrase written by Henry Grady
• Hope for South to be filled w/ cities,
  immigrants, commerce and industries financed by
  Northern industries
• (Didnt really happen)

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New South?

• Owners of small farms (black and white) suffered
  more than Northern counterparts
• Large northern industries would take away large
  amounts of a product (lumber, coal, cotton,
  seafood) until it gone leave (behind destitute
  and unemployed workers)

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Southern Industry

• Railroad grew in the South
• too
• Rail network doubled in size
• But still run by Northerners

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Cotton (the fabric of our lives)

• Dominated Southern industry
• Their manufacturing factories were better than
  those in the North
• Newest most efficient technology
• Impoverished workforce (why is this an
  advantage?)
• (1 in 3 workers in N.C. was a child 1 in 20 in
  MA)

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Southern Textile Mills

• Laborers lived in company towns
• Not allowed to form local governments
• Paid starvation wages (often not cash), high
  priced goods in stores
• BUT did have schools churches paid for by the
  owner.

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Daily Life in the Cities
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Education

• Compulsory education laws passed by many states
  requiring parents to send their kids to school
• (between 1870-1900, the number of students in
  public schools from 7 million to 15 million)

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Education

• John Dewey
• Established a laboratory school at the
  University of Chicago
• (learn by doing)
• Emphasized art, history, music
• (pioneer education as a discipline
• to be studied at university)

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Education

• Even nativists wanted public education
• (New immigrants could learn order and
  discipline in the classroom)
• Teach proper behavior, civil loyalty, American
  cultural values

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Education

• Most public schools were segregated
• Schools specifically for Asian Americans, African
  Americans and Hispanic Americans
• Poorly equipped

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School for African Americans
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Leisure in Parks

• Olmsteds Central Park
• Rural setting w/in NYC
• Led to City Beautiful movement
• (public parks beautiful boulevards)
• (growth of bicycling, croquet)

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Leisure Sports

• Baseball
• (Based on British game called rounders)
• New York Knickerbockers
• First professional team Cincinnati Red
  Stockings
• National League started in 1876
• First World Series btwn Pittsburgh Pirates
  Boston Pilgrims (later renamed Red Sox)

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New York Knickerbockers 1862
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1903 World Series
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Football

• Similar to combining rugby soccer
• Walter Camp
• (played for Yale)
• Established many rules
• Despite being criticized for being too violent
  (56 deaths in one year alone) popularity grew

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Basketball

• First played by students (like football)
• (Inspired by cold winters in MA)
• Womens participation was encouraged

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Ragtime

• Influenced by African American music
• Inspired new dances

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Yellow Journalism

• New paper was invented (could withstand
  high-speed printing machines)
• New York big market for News Papers
• Btwn Joseph Pulitzers New York World William R.
  Hursts New York Journal

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Yellow Journalism

• The World used sensational stories w/ fancy
  illustrations and pictures to attract readers
• The Journal printed even more sensational stories
• Also used comic strips, advice columns, special
  womens section, sports section

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Yellow Journalism

• The two published The Yellow Kid comic series
• (one of the first color cartoons)
• (first was Worlds Hogans Alley)
• Main character was a young boy who lived in a
  tenement, wore yellow gown was stereotypical
  immigrant

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Art of Gilded Age

• Mark Twain came up with the term Gilded Age
• (golden Road to the future)
• Winslow Homer
• Watercolor painter
• Themes of heroism, lone bravery (human struggle
  against nature)

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Gilded Age Artists

• Cecilia Beaux
• Painted realistic portraits
• (called the greatest female portrait artist of
  modern times)
• Painted for Roosevelt and Carnegie families

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Gilded Age Artists

• Mary Cassatt
• Impressionist
• Favorite subjects were society women their
  daughters
• (later would connect wealthy art patrons with
  new, young American artists to help launch their
  careers)

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Gilded Age Timeline

• 1869
• Campbells Soup introduced
• 1877
• Quaker Oats becomes first trademarked breakfast
  cereal
• 1879
• F. W. Woolworth, Scott Paper, Aetna Insurance Co
  all begin
• Ivory Soap introduced
• 1880
• Gold Medal Flour, Thomass English Muffins
  Philadelphia Cream cheese are introduced

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Gilded Age Timeline

• 1881
• Barnum Bailey Circus in born
• First color photographs are printed
• 1883
• Ferris Wheel displayed for 1st time _at_ Chicagos
  Worlds Fair
• 1884
• Pillsburry Flour introduced
• 1885
• Mortons Salt invented

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Gilded Age Timeline

• 1886
• Dr. Pepper and Maxwell House Coffee introduced
• 1887
• Log Cabin Syrup introduced
• 1890
• Peanut butter is invented

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Gilded Age Timeline

• 1893
• First open heart surgery performed
• 1896
• Cracker Jacks introduced
• 1897
• Jell-O introduced
• 1899
• Coca-Cola is bottled for the first time

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Gilded Age Timeline

• 1900
• Kodak introduces first affordable Camera
• 1904
• Frenchs Mustard invented

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