Chapter 3 Section 3 Notes

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Chapter 3 Section 3 Notes

• Families of Elements

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The Periodic Table

• Elements are classified as metals, nonmetals, and
  metalloids (semiconductors).
• Metals are found on the left side of the periodic
  table, while nonmetals are on the right side.
• The only exception is hydrogen, which is the only
  nonmetal on the left side.

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Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
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Characteristics of Metals

• Metals are good conductors of heat and
  electricity.
• Metals are shiny solids that can be shaped.
• Metals are ductile (can be stretched into thin
  wires).
• Metals are malleable (can be pounded into thin
  sheets).
• A chemical property of metal is its reaction with
  water which results in corrosion.

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Characteristics of Nonmetals

• Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and
  electricity.
• Non-metals are not ductile or malleable.
• Solid non-metals are dull, brittle and break
  easily.
• Many non-metals are gases, but can be solids or
  liquids.

Sulfur
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Characteristics of Metalloids

• Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both
  metals and non-metals.
• They are solids that can be shiny or dull.
• They conduct heat and electricity better than
  non-metals but not as well as metals.
• They are ductile and malleable.

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Hydrogen

• The hydrogen square sits atop Family 1, but it is
  not a member of that family Hydrogen is in a
  class of its own.
• Its a gas at room temperature.
• It has one proton and one electron in its one and
  only energy level.
• Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up its
  valence shell.

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Alkali Metals Group 1

• The alkali metal family is found in the first
  column (group) of the periodic table.
• Atoms of the alkali metals have 1 valence
  electron.
• They are extremely reactive because their single
  valence electron can easily be removed to form a
  positive ion.

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Alkali Metals Group 1

• They are shiny, have the consistency of clay, and
  are easily cut with a knife.
• They react violently with water.
• Alkali metals are never found as free elements in
  nature they are always bonded with another
  element because they are so reactive.

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What are the alkali metals?

• Lithium (Li)
• Sodium (Na)
• Potassium (K)
• Rubidium (Rb)
• Cesium (Cs)
• Francium (Fr)

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Alkaline-Earth Metals Group 2

• The alkaline-earth metal family is found in the
  second column (group) of the periodic table.
• Atoms of Alkaline-Earth metals have 2 valence
  electrons.

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Alkaline-Earth Metals Group 2

• They are never found uncombined in nature because
  they are reactive.
• To bond, they lose their 2 valence electrons to
  form cations.

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What are the alkaline-earth metals?

• Beryllium (Be)
• Magnesium (Mg)
• Calcium (Ca)
• Strontium (Sr)
• Barium (Ba)
• Radium (Ra)

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Transition Metals Groups 3-12

• Transition Elements include those elements in
  groups 3-12.
• These are the metals you are probably most
  familiar with copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel,
  gold, and silver.
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

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Transition Metals Groups 3-12

• The compounds of transition metals are usually
  brightly colored and are often used to color
  paints.
• Transition elements typically have 1 or 2 valence
  electrons, which they lose when they form bonds
  with other atoms.

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Transition Metals Groups 3-12

• Transition elements have properties similar to
  one another and to other metals, but their
  properties do not fit in with those of any other
  family.
• Many transition metals combine chemically with
  oxygen to form compounds called oxides.
• They are less reactive than the alkali metals and
  are usually shiny and hard.

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The Boron Family Group 13

• The Boron Family is named after the first element
  in the family.
• Atoms in this family have 3 valence electrons.
• This family includes the most abundant metal in
  the earths crust aluminum.

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What elements are in the Boron Family?

• This family includes
• a metalloid boron (B)
• The rest are metals aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga),
  indium (In), and thallium (Tl)

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The Carbon Family Group 14

• Atoms of this family have 4 valence electrons.
• The element carbon is called the basis of life.
  There is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to
  carbon compounds called organic chemistry.

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What elements are in the Carbon Family?

• This family includes
• A non-metal Carbon (C)
• Metalloids Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge)
• And metals Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb)

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3 Forms of Carbon

• Graphite a grayish black crystal substance used
  for pencil lead, oil, and lubricant in machines
• Diamond it is the hardest known natural
  substance
• Fullerenes a form of carbon that is not graphite
  or diamond composed of 60 or more carbon atoms
  and occur naturally in small amounts some
  molecules are often called Bucky balls.

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The Nitrogen Family Group 15

• The nitrogen family is named after the element
  that makes up 78 of our atmosphere.
• Atoms in the nitrogen family have 5 valence
  electrons. They tend to share electrons when they
  bond.

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What elements are in the Nitrogen Family?

• This family includes
• The non-metals Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P)
• The metalloids Arsenic (As) and Antimony (Sb)
• A metal Bismuth (Bi)

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The Oxygen Family Group 16

• Atoms of this family have 6 valence electrons.
• Most elements in this family share electrons when
  forming compounds.
• Oxygen is the most abundant element in the
  earths crust. It is extremely active and
  combines with almost all elements.

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What elements are in the Oxygen Family?

• This family includes
• The nonmetals oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and
  selenium (Se)
• A metalloid tellurium (Te)
• A metal polonium (Po)

Oxygen Atom
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Halogens Group 17

• Halogens have 7 valence electrons, which explains
  why they are the most active non-metals. They are
  never found free in nature.
• Halogen atoms only need to gain 1 electron to
  fill their outermost energy level.
• They react with alkali metals to form salts.

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What are the halogens?

• Fluorine (F)
• Chlorine (Cl)
• Bromine (Br)
• Iodine (I)
• Astatine (At)

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Noble Gases Group 18

• Noble Gases are colorless gases that are
  extremely un-reactive.
• One important property of the noble gases is
  their inactivity. They are inactive because their
  outermost energy level is full, so they exist in
  nature as single atoms rather than as molecules.
  

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Noble Gases Group 18

• With the exception of Helium, they have 8 valence
  electrons.
• Because they do not readily combine with other
  elements to form compounds, the noble gases are
  called inert (nonreactive).
• All the noble gases are found in small amounts in
  the earth's atmosphere.

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What are the Noble Gases?

• Helium (He)
• Neon (Ne)
• Argon (Ar)
• Krypton (Kr)
• Xenon (Xe)
• Radon (Rn)

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Rare Earth Metals

• The thirty rare earth elements are made of the
  lanthanide and actinide series.
• One element of the lanthanide series and most of
  the elements in the actinide series are called
  trans-uranium, which means synthetic or
  man-made.