Learning Target 7.4.1 Chapt. 5 Section 1

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Learning Target 7.4.1Chapt. 5 Section 1

• Analyze the effect of geography on trade in West
  Africa.

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Geography of Africa
7.4.1
The Big Idea West Africa has varied environments
and valuable resources. 2 Main Ideas
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Main Idea 1 The landforms, water, climate, and
plant life affected history in West Africa

• Africa is the second largest continent and is
  shaped like a soup bowl with mountains on the
  rim.
• The Niger River became a source of water, food,
  and transportation that allowed many people to
  live in the sub-Saharan plains, areas in Africa
  south of the equator.

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Africas Four Regions

• The northern band across West Africa is the
  southern part of the Sahara. It has the worlds
  largest desert.

• The semiarid Sahel divides the desert from wetter
  areas. It has enough vegetation to support hardy
  grazing animals.

• Farther south is a band of savannah, or open
  grass with scattered trees. Grazing animals are
  common there.

• Rain forests, or moist, densely wooded areas, are
  near the equator. They contain a variety of
  plants and animals.

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Main Idea 2 West Africas resources included
farmland, gold, and salt.
West Africas land produced many crops, such as
dates and kola nuts. Kola nuts could be used for
medicine.
Gold could be used for jewelry or coins. Gold
came from the Southern Forests. Mines were kept a
secret because of fear and the need to control
the trade.
Salt was a resource that was found deep in the
earth, from lakes that had dried up. Came from
ancient, dried lakebeds. Salt was needed in
their diets, so it was valuable.
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  Chapter 5 Section 1 Notes, IR, and
Textbook

1. Along what river did the great civilizations in
   West Africa arise? 
2. Put the vegetation Zones in order from most
   rainfall to least. 
3. Describe the Sahel. 
4. What are traditional West African crops? 
5. Mineral resources in West Africa include what?

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Learning Target 7.4.2Chapter 5 Section 2

• Explore the roles of family, labor, and trade in
  the development of West Africa.

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Early Culture and Trade
7.4.2
The Big Idea Family ties, religion, iron
technology, and trade all contributed to the
growth of West African societies. 3 Main Ideas
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Main Idea 1 Family and religion influenced
daily life in early West African society.

• A typical West African family was an extended
  family including close relatives.
• Some people took part in another type of group,
  called age sets.
• In these groups, people who had been born within
  the same two or three years formed special bonds.
• Religion was called animism. This is the belief
  that bodies of water, animals, and natural
  objects have spirits. Animism reflects the
  dependence of African people on the natural
  environment for their daily lives.

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Loyalties
Loyalty to families and age-sets helped the
people of a village work together.

• Everyone had specific duties.
• Men hunted and farmed.
• Women farmed and cared for the children.
• Elders taught traditions to the children.
• Children started working as soon as they were
  able.

Many West Africans believed that unseen spirits
of their ancestors stayed nearby. They shared
their problems and news with the spirits and
offered them food.
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Main Idea 2 Iron technology changed life in
West Africa.

• Changes in technology helped some early
  communities grow.
• The people of Nok began using iron to make farm
  tools and weapons.
• Farmers could work the land faster and grow more
  food.
• Warriors gained power with better weapons.
• People could live in places they hadnt been able
  to before.

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Main Idea 3 Trade shaped the history of West
Africa.

• West Africans began to trade the areas resources
  with buyers who lived thousands of miles away.
• They traded gold, salt, cloth, copper, silver,
  and other items.
• Camels were used to transport goods over long
  distances because they could store water and
  carry heavy loads.

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Trade patterns

• Salt was found in the North, in the Sahara
  desert, and carried South.
• Gold was found in the South, in the rainforest,
  and carried North to trade.
• The places people gathered became towns.
  Timbuktu, for example, started as a trading camp,
  and grew into a large trade center

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 Chapter 5 Section 2 Notes, IR, and Textbook

1. Who were men and women in traditional West
   African society loyal to? 
2.  What role did the elders play in the life of the
   village?   
3. The traditional religious practice of West
   Africans was centered on what beliefs?  
4. What activities were part of West African
   religious practices concerning the dead
   ancestors?  
5. What does the animistic belief system reveal
   about traditional West Africans?  
6. Why did farming in Africa improve during the
   early West African time period? 
7.  Who was one of the earliest groups of people in
   West Africa to benefit from iron tools?   
8. Which two uses of iron were the most significant
   for West Africans?

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 Chapter 5 Section 2 Notes, IR, and Textbook

1. What were the main characteristics of early
   African societies? How did they live, what did
   they trade and what helped them farm? What kind
   of government did they have? 
2. What was the name of the group of people who led
   desert caravans through the Sahara?  
3. What did people south of the Sahara trade their
   gold for?  
4. What began as a camp for African traders and
   became a large trade center? 
5. What was the trade pattern direction of gold and
   salt? 
6.  What is an age set?  
7. What two factors had the biggest impact on the
   growth of West Africa?

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Chapter 6 Section 1

• Learning Target 7.4.1
• Understand how the differing geographical areas
  near the Niger River affected the growth of the
  empires of Ghana and Mali.

Learning Target 7.4.2 Examine the role family,
specialized labor, and trade played in the growth
of West Africa
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Empire of Ghana
7.4.1

• The Big Idea
• The rulers of Ghana built an empire by
  controlling the salt and gold trade.
• Main Ideas
• Ghana controlled trade and became wealthy.
• Through its control of trade, Ghana built an
  empire.
• Ghanas decline was caused by attacking invaders,
  overgrazing, and the loss of trade.

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Main Idea 1 Ghana controlled trade and became
wealthy.

• Ghana was created when groups of farmers banded
  together.
• Ghana became a powerful state only when it gained
  control of valuable trade routes. Most valuable
  resources were gold and salt.
• The exchange of gold and salt followed a process
  called silent barter. This is a process in which
  people exchange goods without ever contacting
  each other directly.
• Ghanas rulers gained power and wealth, and the
  military grew in strength, too.

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Gold and Salt and Trade

• The salt traders leave salt at riverbanks. Beat
  drum and leave. Gold traders leave fair amount
  of gold and beat drum and leave. Salt trader
  returns. If happy ? takes gold, if not ?
  continue process

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Main Idea 2 Through its control of trade, Ghana
built an empire.

• Ghana protected traders with its army. Traders
  were not afraid to travel to Ghana.
• With so many traders passing through their lands,
  they made money by forcing traders to pay taxes.

• In addition, the people of Ghana and the small
  neighboring tribes they controlled had to pay
  taxes.
• Ghana also had rich gold mines.
• Rulers didnt want everyone to have gold because
  it was very rare.

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Expansion of the Empire

• Ghanas kings used their great wealth to build a
  powerful army and conquered many of their
  neighbors, especially ones that had centers of
  trade. Money came from taxes.
• To keep order in the empire, conquered kings were
  allowed to keep much of their power. They acted
  as governors of their territories.
• The empire of Ghana reached its peak under King
  Tunka Manin.

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Main Idea 3 Ghanas decline was caused by
attacking invaders, overgrazing, and the loss of
trade.

• Invasion
• A Muslim group called the Almoravids cut off many
  trade routes, without which Ghana could not
  support its empire.
• Overgrazing
• When the Almoravids moved, they brought herds of
  animals with them.
• These animals ate all the grass, leaving the land
  worthless for farming.
• Internal rebellion
• The people whom Ghana had conquered rose up in
  rebellion and took over the entire empire.

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Chapter 6 Section 1 Notes, IR, and Textbook

1. How did Ghana become such a powerful state?
2. What was significant about the location of the
   Ghana Empire?
3. Why was salt so valuable?
4. What is silent barter?
5. Why was silent barter useful?
6. How did Ghanas kings govern such a large empire?
7. What type of leader was Tunka Manin?

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Chapter 6 Section 1 Notes, IR, and Textbook
With so many traders passing though their lands, Ghanas rulers looked for ways to make money from them. One way they raised money was by forcing traders to pay taxes.

• What can you infer about Ghanas rulers from the
  above passage?
• How did the location of cities in the West
  African Empires of Ghana and Mali influence their
  growth?
• How did Ghanas kings use the tax and tribute
  money they collected?
• Who were the Almoravids?
• What happened to the fertile land that Ghanas
  farmers once cultivated?

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Chapter 6 Section 2

• Learning Target 7.4.3
• Describe how trans-Saharan caravan trade
  influenced West African religion and culture, and
  how Islam affected West Africa.

• Learning Target 7.4.4
• Show how the Arabic language spread throughout
  West African government, trade, and Islamic
  learning.

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Empire of Mali
7.4.3

• The Big Idea
• The wealthy and powerful Mali Empire ruled West
  Africa after the fall of Ghana.
• Main Ideas
• A ruler named Sundiata made Mali into an empire.
• Mali reached its height under the ruler Mansa
  Musa.
• Mali fell to invaders in the late 1400s.

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Main Idea 1 A ruler named Sundiata made Mali
into an empire.

• Sundiata, Malis first strong leader, was both a
  warrior and a magician.
• He conquered Ghana and took over the salt and
  gold trades.
• He had new farmlands cleared for crops of beans,
  onions, and rice. He also introduced cotton as a
  new crop.
• To protect his authority, he took power away from
  others and adopted the title mansa.

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Mansa

• Mansas had both political and religious roles in
  society.
• The religious role of the mansa grew out of
  traditional Malian beliefs.
• According to the beliefs, peoples ancestors had
  made an agreement with the spirits of the land
  that would ensure the lands provided plenty of
  food.

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Main Idea 2Mali reached its height under the
ruler Mansa Musa.

• Islam was important to Musa, so he made a
  pilgrimage to Mecca.
• He influenced the spread of Islam through a large
  part of West Africa and had mosques built
  throughout his empire.

• He also stressed the importance of education and
  learning to read the Arabic language.
• He sent scholars to study in Morocco. They came
  back and set up schools to study the Quran.

• During this journey, he introduced the empire of
  Mali to the world.
• Mali became famous throughout Africa, Asia, and
  Europe.

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Main Idea 3 Mali fell to invaders in the late
1400s.
Weak rulers such as Maghan could not stop
raiders, leading to the empires gradual decline.
The empire had become so large that the
government could not control it. Some areas
declared their independence.
In 1431 it was invaded by the Tuareg
Nomads. Invaders finally took over almost all the
lands of the Mali Empire by the 1500s.
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• Chapter 6 Section 2 Notes, IR, and Textbook
• Explain the similarity between the development of
  the Ghana and Mali empires.
• What things of importance happened during the
  reign of Sundiata.
• Unlike Sundiata, most of Malis later rulers,
  including Mana Musa, were what religion?
• Who were the mansas?
• Who was Malis greatest and most famous ruler?
• What was the importance of Mansa Musas hajj to
  Mecca?
• How did Mansa Musa spread Islam and education
  throughout Mali?
• What contributed to the fall of the Mali Empire?

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Chapter 6 Section 3Learning Target 7.4.3

• Describe how trans-Saharan caravan trade
  influenced West African religion and culture, and
  how Islam affected West Africa.

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Empire of Songhai
7.4.3 7.4.4

• The Big Idea
• The Songhai Empire strengthened Islam in West
  Africa.
• Main Ideas
• The Songhai built a new empire in West Africa.
• Askia the Great ruled Songhai as an Islamic
  empire.
• Songhai fell to Moroccan invaders, ending the
  great era of West African empires.

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Main Idea 1 The Songhai built a new empire in
West Africa.

• Along the Nile River, once a part of Mali,
  Songhai rose up against it and regained its
  freedom.
• Songhai grew in many ways, mostly due to the work
  of Sunni Ali.
• Worked constantly to unify, strengthen, and
  enlarge it
• Conquered the wealthy trade cities of Timbuktu
  and Djenné
• He participated in both Islam and local religions
  and brought peace and stability as a result.

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Main Idea 2Askia the Great ruled Songhai as an
Islamic empire.

• Before Askia the Empire wasnt united under
  Islam.
• Islam gained influence under Askia the Great.
• Most of Songhais traders were Muslim and when
  they gained power, the religion of Islam spread.
  This changed Songhais government

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Education and Government

• Askia the Great worked to support education and
  especially supported learning about medicine.
• Doctors discovered that mosquitoes spread
  malaria.
• They also performed surgery on the human eye.

• To help maintain order, Askia set up five
  provinces within Songhai.
• He removed local leaders and appointed new
  governors who were loyal to him.
• He created special departments to oversee certain
  tasks.
• He created a standing professional army.

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Main Idea 3 Songhai fell to Moroccan invaders,
ending the great era of West African empires.

• Because Morocco wanted to control the Saharan
  salt mines, it invaded Songhai.
• The Moroccans brought with them a terrible new
  weapon, the arquebus, an early form of gun.
• The Moroccans guns and cannons brought disaster
  to Songhai.
• Cities were taken over and looted.
• Changes in trade patterns completed Songhais
  fall.

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• Chapter 6 Section 3 Notes, IR, and Textbook
• Which city, that was once the center of the Mali
  Empire, became the center for the Songhai Empire?
• Why did Morocco invade Songhai?
• What is an arquebus?

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Chapter 6 Section 4

• Learning Target 7.4.4
• Show how the Arabic Language spread throughout
  West African government, trade, and Islamic
  learning.

• Learning Target 7.4.5
• Explain how oral and written histories have kept
  the history of Africa alive.

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Historical and Artistic Traditions
7.4.5

• The Big Idea
• Because the people of West Africa did not have a
  written language, their cultures have been passed
  down through oral history, writings by other
  people, and the arts.
• Main Ideas
• Storytellers helped maintain the oral history of
  the cultures of West Africa.
• Visitors to West Africa from other lands wrote
  histories and descriptions of what they saw
  there.
• Traditionally, West Africans have valued the arts.

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Main Idea 1 Storytellers helped maintain the
oral history of the cultures of West Africa.
Writing was not common in West Africa. People
passed along information through oral histories,
a spoken record of past events.
West African storytellers were called griots.
They helped keep the history of their ancestors
alive for each new generation.
In addition to stories, they recited proverbs.
These were short sayings of wisdom or truth. They
were used to teach lessons to the people.
Some of tahe griot poems are epics that are
collected in the Dausi and the Sundiata.
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Main Idea 2 Visitors to West Africa from other
lands wrote histories and descriptions of what
they saw there.

• The people of West Africa left no written
  histories of their own. Much of what we know
  about early West Africa comes from the writings
  of travelers and scholars from Muslim lands such
  as Spain and Arabia.

• One of the first people to write about West
  Africa was al-Masudi. He described the
  geography, customs, history, and scientific
  achievements of West Africa.

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Other Writers

• Abu Ubayd al-Bakri wrote about life in West
  African kingdoms.
• Ibn Battutah described the political and cultural
  lives of West Africans. He was a Muslim.
• Leo Africanus was the last major Muslim visitor
  to West Africa. Leo lived and wrote in Europe, so
  for a long time, his writing was the only source
  about life in Africa available to Europeans.

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Main Idea 3 Traditionally, West Africans have
valued the arts.

• Of all the visual forms, the sculpture of West
  Africa is probably the best known.
• The sculpture is mostly of people.
• It was made for religious rituals.
• Artists were deeply respected.

• Artists carved elaborate masks, used mostly for
  rituals as they danced around fires.
• They wove cloth such as kente, a hand-woven,
  brightly colored fabric.
• Also they wove baskets

• Music and dancing were important.
• These activities helped people honor their
  history and were central to many celebrations.

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Chapter 6 Section 4 Notes, IR, and Textbook
Much of what we know about early West Africa comes from the writings of travelers and scholars from Muslim lands such as Spain and Arabia.

• What is the best inference you can make from this
  statement?
• How was music and dance incorporated into the
  lives of the people of early West Africa?
• What are the names of two West African Epics?
• For special occasions, West African kings and
  queens wore garments made of what special cotton
  material?
• The contacts between civilizations shown in the
  map below were primarily made by what kind of
  people?
• What are African storytellers who memorize and
  recite the names and histories called?

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