Lifespan Development

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Lifespan Development
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• Maturation
• The sequential unfolding of genetically
  influenced behavior and physical characteristics

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• Determining Gender Roles

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From Conception
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• NOVA Lifes Greatest Miracle

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The Three Pre-Birth Stages

• Germinal Stage (Zygote)
• Embryonic Stage
• Fetal Stage

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• Harmful influences that can cross the placenta
  barrier include German measles, radiation, toxic
  chemicals, sexually transmitted diseases,
  cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption,
  prescription and nonprescription drugs. These
  are collectively known as Teratogens.
• Teratogens

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• One thing to remember is that as an individual
  grows, they go through a variety of critical
  periods. Critical periods are specific windows
  of time after which it is very difficult to
  acquire a skill.

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• The Newborns Physical Abilities

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Reflexes

• Rooting when something touches an infants
  cheek, they instinctively open their mouths and
  root for a nipple

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• Palmar Reflex grasping objects that are placed
  in the hand
• Babinski Reflex toes splaying outwards when the
  foot is stroked
• Moro Reflex limb splaying when a loud noise
  occurs

Newborn Abilities
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• Newborns and their Temperaments

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Temperament

• A persons characteristic emotional reactivity
  and intensity

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Temperament

• A babys temperament is apparent after just a few
  hours of birth
• easy babies eat and sleep regularly
• difficult unpredictable, intense, irritable

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• Newborns and Attachment

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• Attachment the bonding between child and
  caregiver that provides a secure base from which
  children can explore

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Harry Harlow

• One wire monkey with a milk bottle, one soft
  cloth monkey
• Baby monkeys preferred the softer mother figure
  when they were scared
• Physical Comfort is a key to attachment
• Harry Harlows Experiment

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• Ainsworth devised an experimental method called
  the Stranger Situation in which the babies
  behavior is observed when the mother leaves the
  baby with a stranger
• Stranger Situation Experiment

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• Securely attached children are clearly more
  attached to the mother. They explore while a
  parent is present, are distressed when they
  leave, and go to the parent upon return

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• Insecurely Attached children dont particularly
  like to be held, may explore with or without the
  parent around, may show a lot of stress when
  their parents leave though they may or may not go
  to the parent upon return

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• Parenting Styles

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• Authoritarian Parents set strict standards and
  apply frequent punishment
• Permissive Parents do not set clear guidelines
  and the rules are constantly changing

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• Authoritarian styles produce children are more
  likely to distrust others and are more socially
  withdrawn

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• Permissive style reared children tend to have
  more emotional control problems and are more
  dependent

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• Authoritative Parents have set and consistent
  rules of behavior, and those rules are
  reasonable. Praise and punishment, independence
  and control.

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• Authoritative style produces the most desirable
  and beneficial home environment. Children are
  more capable and perform better academically

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• Infancy and Early Childhood Development

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• Language
• Infant Speech Development

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• Noam Chomsky
• Every child is born with the biological
  predisposition to learn language, any language.

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• Motherese
• Infant Directed Speech the phenomenon that
  across cultures we speak to infants in a
  particular style. Small words, higher pitches,
  exaggerated intonation and expression.

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Stages of Language Development

• Cooing (3 mos.) repeated vowel sounds
• aaaaa, oooooo
• Babbling (5 mos.) adding in consonants,
  stringing together vowel sounds
• da-da-da, ma-ma-ma, ba-bab-ba

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Stages of Language Development

• Babbling, Pt. II (9 mos.) babbling in sounds
  specific to their language
• One-Word Stage (1 year) typically, single
  concrete words used
• dada, mama, baba

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Stages of Language Development

• Two-Word Stage (2 years) two word sentences,
  all content
• Where kitty? No potty !
• By age 3, children begin to add in articles and
  prepositions and have a vocabulary of over 3,000
  words.

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Stages of Language Development

• Phonemes the smallest units of sounds used to
  differentiate meanings and words
• Skill, Still, Spill
• Kit, Skill
• Morpheme the smallest, meaningful parts of a
  single word
• Governmental govern ment al
• Predict pre dict

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• Piaget and Thinking
• Infant Cognitive Development

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• Thinking
• Assimilation-adding new information into our
  present system of knowledge, belief and schemas
  through experience
• Accommodation-we must change or modify existing
  schemas to accommodate new info that does not fit
  with the old

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• Piagets proposed that there are four stages of
  cognitive growth that humans go through, from
  birth through to adulthood. Each stage marks a
  new way in which a person learns new information
  and is able to think about the world around them.

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• Sensorimotor Stage (Preconventional)
• (Birth to 2 years old)
• Infants learn through concrete actions
  thinking consists of coordinating sensory info
  with bodily movement experience the world
  through looking, touching, mouthing, and grasping

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• Begin to understand object permanence at around 6
  months involves understanding that things exist
  even they are not perceived
• Object Permanence

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• Preoperational Stage
• (Ages 2-6 Years)
• The time period in which a child learns to use
  language to learn about the world
• Egocentrism Children at this age cannot
  perceive things from anothers point of view- the
  world revolves around them and them alone
• Artificialism Children at this age may believe
  that all things are human made
• Animism Children at this age may believe that
  all things are living

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• Concrete Operational Stage
• (Ages 7-11)
• Conservation is the understanding that properties
  such as mass, volume, and number remain the same
  despite changes in the forms of objects

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• Formal Operations Stage
• (Age 12 to adulthood)
• Beginning of abstract reasoning
• Can reason systematically, think about the
  future, think about situations they have not
  experienced firsthand

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• The Development of Morals

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• Lawrence Kohlberg
• Moral Reasoning is the thinking that occurs as we
  consider the ideas of what is right and what is
  wrong, and what guides our judgments and
  behaviors
• There are three stages of moral growth

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• Level 1 Preconventional Morality
• Choosing what is right or wrong is based on the
  fear punishment for disobedience, or the promise
  of rewards
• Children often do what is in their own best
  interest

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• Level 2 Conventional Morality
• Beginning to care for others feelings, and
  understanding that there are laws and social
  rules to follow
• Choices are also made based on social acceptance
  as adolescence begins

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• Level 3 Postconventional Morality
• Abstract reasoning is used
• Broader, ethical themes of justice and human
  rights
• An internal struggle between your personalized
  morals, and those of society

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• Social Development
• Social Development

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• Erik Ericksons psychosocial theory says that all
  people go through eight stages in their lives,
  resolving a crisis at each one while learning
  to deal with the rest of society. How we resolve
  the crisis is the basis for our social
  interactions.

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• Trust vs. Mistrust
• Who do I trust and who cant I trust? Is the
  world friendly or hostile?
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• A child begins to develop a sense of control
  over their environment and their bodily
  functions.
• Initiative vs. Guilt
• Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and assert
  themselves socially.

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• Industry vs. Inferiority
• Children gain a sense of accomplishment and
  pride in their work. They begin to understand
  their potential.
• Identity vs. Role Confusion
• This involves a sense of identity. Who am I?
  What do I stand for? Am I an individual or a
  just a reflection of society?
• Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Forming close relationships and looking for
  intimate love and mates.

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• Generativity vs. Stagnation
• The struggle between being both productive at
  home and at work, and figuring out how to best
  contribute to the next generation.
• Integrity vs. Despair
• Reflecting on my life and my legacy, and have I
  had a successful life or am I a failure?

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• Adolescence

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• Adolescence is the transitional period from
  childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to
  independence

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• Puberty the period of sexual maturation, during
  which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Girls usually begin at age 11 Boys usually begin
at 13
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• Puberty Landmarks
• Menarche the first menstrual cycle for females
• The first ejaculation for boys

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• Primary Sex Characteristics the body structures
  (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that
  make reproduction possible
• Secondary Sex Characteristics
  non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as
  female breasts and hips, male voice quality and
  facial hair, and pubic and underarm hair in both
  sexes

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• Identity Ones sense of self according to
  Erickson, the adolescent task is to solidify a
  sense of self by testing and integrating various
  roles trying new things to discover the answer
  to the question Who am I?

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• Intimacy the ability to form close, loving
  relationships

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• Carol Gilligan studies suggest that women are
  naturally more concerned with making connections
  (interdependent) than men (independent)

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• Independence begins to occur as teens become
  young adults, go off to colleges or the world of
  work

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• Adulthood

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• To measure the mental and physical changes that
  take place over a lifetime, researchers typically
  use either a cross-sectional or longitudinal
  study.

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• Cross-sectional a study in which people of
  different ages are compared with another
• Longitudinal Study research in which the same
  people are restudied and retested over a long
  period of time

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• Living Longer
• Slowing The Aging Process
• Human Hibernation?
• Can We Live Forever?
• Facing Death

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• Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory
  keenness, cardiac output all peak by the
  mid-twenties

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• Women and Menopause
• The end of menstruation
• Only about 10 of all women have severe physical
  symptoms

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• Men and Sexuality Gradual decline in sperm
  count, lowering testosterone levels, slower speed
  of erections and ejaculation

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• Contrary to popular belief, recent studies found
  that people over 60
• 39 were satisfied with the amount of sex that
  they were having
• 39 wanted sex more frequently

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• Visual sharpness declines
• Distance perception declines
• Less adaptation to light changes
• Hearing declines
• The immune system weakens
• Slower reaction times
• Short-term memory decreases

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• Aging and Memory

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• Recognition declines slower than recall
  information
• Overall, intelligence does not sharply decline
  with age

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• Fluid Intelligence decreases slowly up to the age
  of 75, and then rapidly thereafter
• Ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly
• Crystallized Intelligence increases up to old age
• Ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

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• The Marriage Phenomena
• Lasts longer for those that marry after the age
  of 20 and are educated
• Those that lived together prior to marriage have
  a higher rate of divorce than those that didnt

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• Midlife Crisis As people enter middle age, they
  realize that life will very soon be mostly behind
  then instead of ahead of them. The crisis is a
  question of whether to continue on their current
  path, or to change while theres still time?

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• Over-65? Its presumed that depression sits in
  and we wait for death
• Studies suggest that those over-65 report that
  they are 80 satisfied with their life at that
  age, a greater percentage than other age bracket