CELL STRUCTURES

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CELL STRUCTURES

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• Hamilton High School
• Biology chapter 3

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• HISTORY OF THE CELL
• 1665 -ROBERT HOOKE __________________________
• ______________________________________________
• 1675 ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK first to describe
  living
• _________________________________________________
• Compound light microscope series of lenses that
  magnify objects.
• SCHLEIDEN ,SCHWANN AND VIRCHOW are the
• authors of the _____________________________

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CELL THEORY

• 1. The CELL is ____________________
• ________________________________
• 2. All LIVING THINGS are ____________
• _________________________________
• 3. All cells ________________
• ________________________

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• 1940s - Electron Microscopes
• Aims a beam of ____________ through a magnetic
  field, then over the surface of the specimen.
• Uses ______________________
• Most specimens must be ______ and in a
  _____________.
• Projects onto a screen or monitor..

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Electron Microscopes

• SEM __________________
• _______________ ion coated surface shows 3-D
  picture
• TEM ______________ ___________________Microscopi
  c-slice stained with metal _______.
• STEM _____________________
• _____________________- Creates a 3-D surface
  image of a ______________.

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Eukaryote cell- Prokaryote cell
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Two Cell Types

• 1. ____________cells have _______
• _____________________ nor membrane bound
  __________.
• Most are _______________.
• Examples are ____________________

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Two Cell Types

• __________cells have a membrane bound ________
  and membrane bound _________.
• Either ______________________________.
• Organelles are separated by membranes so
  __________________
• __________________
• ____________ hypothesis
• suggests that __________
• cells come from
• ________________ cells.

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Plasma Membrane

• This __________________________ acts as a
  selectively permeable _________ for the passage
  of substances ________________of the cell!
• ___________ between cell and environment.
• Controls materials that ______________ the cell.
• Example ______________ IN - _________ OUT
• The membrane also contains _______ embedded
  within its _____________________that act to
  encourage molecular movement, or as recognition
  molecules.

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• Cell structures -CYTOPLASM
• _______________ that surrounds organelles.
• Makes up 1/2 of the volume of animal cells.
• Many important ______________ occur here.

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ORGANELLES

• THE NUCLEUS
• The nucleus is the of_______________ of the cell.
• Surrounded by a ________________ - double
  membraned, ______________ thick.
• ______ in the nuclear envelope allow _______
  __________ to move in and out of the nucleus.
• Contains _____ - made up of long strands called
  ____________________________.
• The _________ (inside the nucleus) produces
  ribosomes.

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RIBOSOMES

• The ____________
• _____________ (make proteins and enzymes).
• Composed of _____.
• _____-membrane structures
• Directed by _____.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome------ gt
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M_____________

• Known as the ________________of the cell.
• Site of _______________. These organelles
  capture _________ and use _____ to release energy
  for the cell.
• Foldings within the mitochondria are called
• _____________.
• O2 C6H12O6 Mito -----gt

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_____________________ (ER)

• Bilayer of _____used for ________ within the
  cell.
• 2 TYPES
• ___________ E.R. does not have _________ attached
  and are known to produce _______.
• _______ E.R. have __________ attached and are
  known for both ____________ and lipid synthesis
  and ____________.

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Golgi ____________
Packaging Factory

• A series of ___________, closely stacked
  membranous _____ near the nucleus that
  _________________ .
• L_________ (stomachs of the cell) bud off from
  the ____________ as the cell needs.
• Digest worn out _______,
• __________ and _______
• or ___________.

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Centrioles

• __________ are only found in animal cells.
• These are two small bundles of __________
  arranged at right angles to one another
  surrounded by dense _____________.
• Centrioles aid in ____________ in animal cells.

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Lysosomes

• These small ____________ are filled with
  digestive enzymes used to breakdown molecules
  within the cell.
• As complex molecules enter the cell
  ________________________________ it.

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Vacuoles

• Vacuoles _________________ found within the cell.
• Plant cells usually have ________ while animals
  have vacuoles that are small___________________
• Vacuoles can ___________________
• ______________________________
• A _________________ is a specialized vacuole to
  remove ___________ from unicellular aquatic
  organisms.

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Chloroplasts

• Only found in ______
• _________
• Filled with the green pigment ___________, these
  organelles function to _________________
• ___________________ (glucose and starch).
• Grana
• .
• Stroma

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Cell Walls

• Cell walls in plants are
• Bulk of _______ in diet.
• In _______ - cell walls are made out of a
  carbohydrate called ____________

Cell wall--------
Cell membrane------
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MOVEMENT AND SUPPORT

• 1. CYTOSKELETON
• Fibrous, ______________________.
• Maintains ______________
• Composed of ______________ and Microfilaments
• Assist organelles to _____ from place to place.
• 2. CILIA AND FLAGELLA
• A. _______ Short, numerous, __________
• Beat in a ______. Example lungs

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• B. Flagella Longer, 1-2 per cell.
• Move in a ___________________.
• Example _______ cells
• Single-celled organisms usually depend on
  ___________________ to move.
• Multi-cellular organisms use cilia on cells to
  move _______over the ______________.

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ORGANIZATION

• _____ ----gt _______----gt _______ --gt
• --gt ____________ ----gt ORGANISM
• 1. TISSUE
• .
• Linked at cell junctions.
• Examples muscle, nerve,
• brain, bone, blood
• or root tissue.

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• 2. Organs Groups of 2 or more tissues
  _______________________.
• Example the stomach, heart, or a leaf.

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• 3. Organ System Group of organs working
  together _______________
• ______________________________
• Examples nervous system or flower.

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• 4. _____________ Group of organ systems
  working together.
• Examples human, dog, cat, plant.