Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

• Branch of chemistry dealing with carbon molecules.

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Hydrocarbons

• Compounds containing only carbon hydrogen

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Why can carbon form so many compounds?

• It can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other
  carbon atoms.

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What is the maximum of bonds between any 2 C
atoms?

• A triple bond
• (3 pairs or 6 electrons)

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Properties of hydrocarbon molecules

• Molecular
• Low melting points
• Low boiling points
• Low Hf
• Low Hv
• High evaporation rate
• High vapor pressure
• May be gases, liquids, or solids

• Decompose on heating
• Poor conductors of heat electricity
• Nonpolar (vdw forces)
• Dissolve in nonpolar solvents
• React slowly
• Solids may be soft or brittle

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Bonding capacity of H?

• 1

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Bonding capacity of O?

• 2

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Bonding capacity of the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)?

• 1

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Bonding capacity of S?

• 2

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Bonding capacity of N P?

• 3

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Bonding capacity of C?

• 4

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The 4 single bonds of a carbon atom are directed
to

• the corners of a regular tetrahedron.

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Saturated hydrocarbon

• Hydrocarbon containing only single carbon-carbon
  bonds

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Unsaturated hydrocarbon

• Hydrocarbon containing at least 1 double or
  triple carbon-carbon bond

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Chemical or Molecular Formulas

• Tell the kind number of atoms in a molecule.

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Structural Formulas

• Tell the kind number of atoms in a molecule.
  Also attempt to show approximate shapes bonding
  patterns of molecules.

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Homologous Series

• A group of related compounds in which each member
  differs from the one before it by the same
  additional unit. Properties vary in a
  predictable way.

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Alkanes

• Homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons. with
  the general formula CnH2n2.
• Ratio of C to H is n2n2

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Alkanes

• Release energy when burned fuels.

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Naming Alkanes

• Prefix depends on of carbon atoms in longest
  continuous chain.
• Suffix ane

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Properties of Alkanes

• Nonpolar.
• Boiling point ? as of carbon atoms ?. (van der
  Waals forces increase with size).
• Insoluble in water. (Like dissolves like.)

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Nonpolar

• The electron cloud of the molecule is fairly
  evenly distributed. Either
• Molecule has atoms with similar
  electronegativities
• Molecule has high symmetry

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Isomers

• Molecules with the same chemical formula but
  different structural formulas.
• Different chemical physical properties.
  Different names.
• Same formula mass percentage composition.

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Isomers

• of possible isomers ? as of C atoms ?

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Alkenes

• Homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons
  containing 1 double carbon-carbon bond.

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General formula of alkenes

• CnH2n

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Naming Alkenes

• Prefix depends on of carbon atoms in longest
  continuous chain.
• Suffix ene
• in front may give location of double bond.

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Properties of Alkenes

• Slightly more reactive than the alkanes. Double
  bond is site of reactivity.

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Alkynes

• Homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons
  containing 1 carbon-carbon triple bond.

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General formula of alkynes

• CnH2n-2

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Naming alkynes

• Prefix depends on of carbon atoms in longest
  continuous chain.
• Suffix yne
• in front gives location of triple bond.