The Struggle Intensifies

1
The Struggle Intensifies

• Angela Brown
• Chapter 29 Section 2

2
Sit-Ins Challenge Segregation

• Created in 1943 to desegregate the Jack Spratt
  Coffee House in Chicago.
• Sat at segregated lunch counter until all were
  served.
• Business owners forced to decide between serving
  protesters or loss of business.
• Protests began a process of change that could not
  be stopped.

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Sit-in
http//www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/archive/09/090
9001r.jpg
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Sit-in
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Would you Sit-in???
http//www.learnhistory.org.uk/usa/woolworjthsitin
2.jpg
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The Freedom Rides

• 1960 Boynton v Virginia expanded earlier ruling
  to desegregate interstate buses to bus station
  waiting rooms and restaurants.
• Freedom Rides tactic designed to test whether
  southern states would obey rulings

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Freedom Riders
http//z.about.com/d/afroamhistory/1/0/E/8/busdese
gregation_freedomrides.jpg
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http//www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/s84.6
p1.jpg
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Violence Greets the Riders

• May 1961 a group of white men in Anniston,
  Alabama attacked a busload of freedom riders.
• They slit bus tires and tossed a fire bomb into
  the bus and beat fleeing activists local
  hospitals refused to treat wounded riders.

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What is the harm in riding a bus?
http//www.npr.org/programs/fa/features/2006/01/fr
eedom/bus_500.jpg
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National Reactions

• Country horrified by photos of smoldering bus.
• Violence intensified in Birmingham and
  Montgomery.
• Jackson, Mississippi riders arrested immediately.
• 300 Freedom Riders continued protest throughout
  summer.

12

• Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal
  marshals to protect Freedom Riders.
• President Kennedy pressured Interstate Commerce
  commission to issue a ruling prohibiting
  segregation in all interstate transportation.
• The Justice Department sued local communities
  that did not comply.

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http//www.tcnj.edu/doshi2/freedom20ride20bus.j
pg
14
The Albany Movement

• 1961 was a year long campaign of protest
  marchers
• Called for desegregated bus terminals and talks
  with white community leaders
• Martin Luther King Jr. came to help but leaders
  resented outside involvement.
• Police kept violations of civil rights out of
  public view couldnt gain sympathy of Freedom
  Riders
• movement fizzled out by end of 1962

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Arrested
http//www.visionaryproject.org/timeline/timeline_
content/031a.html
Three antisegregationist leaders were marched off
to jail in Albany, GA., on charges of
"disobeying an officer, congregating on the
sidewalk and disorderly conduct" after they
visited City Hall to see the Albany City
Commission.
16
Integration at Ole Miss

• Sept 1962 James Meredith a black Air Force
  veteran wanted to transfer from Jackson State
  College to all white University of Mississippi.
• Turned down on racial grounds NAACP helped
• Supreme Court upheld Merediths claim.

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James Meredith
http//content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thum
b/a/a5/400px- James_Meredith_OleMiss.jpg
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Governor Ross Barnett
http//www.jfklibrary.org/meredith/images/contro_b
ar.jpg
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• Gov. Ross Barnett declared he could not enroll
  and blocked way to admission office.
• Stand off between governor and Justice Department
• Violence brought Marshalls to campus- tear gas
  covered grounds
• Two bystanders killed hundreds injured
• President Kennedy sent army troops to restore
  order
• federal Marshalls escorted Meredith to class

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James Meredith Shot
http//newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/ 39191000/jp
g/_39191647_meredith238.jpg
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U.S. Marshals
http//www.usmarshals.gov/history/miss/night03.jpg
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Clash in Birmingham

• Martin Luther King Jr. invited to city in April
  1963.
• Planned boycotts of stores and attempts to
  integrate local churches.
• Business leaders tried to negotiate to call off
  plan without success.

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From Birmingham Jail

• Started nonviolently
• officials declared marches violated regulation
  prohibiting parades without permit
• Arrested King and others
• Criticized by white clergy ill-timed threat to
  law and order by an outsider
• King responded with Letter from Birmingham
  Jail.

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http//www.cnn.com/EVENTS/black_history /travel/bi
rmingham/alabama_birmingham.jpg
http//www.intersectcommunity.com/blog/ wp-content
/uploads/2007/01/cost3.jpg
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What happened next???

• Week later King released on bail.
• Decided to let children join campaign.
• Bull Connor arrested 900 children.
• Police used high-pressure fire hose and trained
  police dogs attacked marchers arms and legs.
• Police beat protesters with clubs and took them
  to jail.

http//www.facinghistory.org/campus/reslib.nsf/web
clips/ 12577B65584E884085256F970070BFD3/file/0.g
if
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Children off to jail???
http//www.rethinkingschools.org/img/archive/18_03
/1803_49.gif
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Dogs Attacked???
http//warhistorian.org/blog1/images/birmingham-19
63.jpg
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Fire hoses???
http//ordoesit.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/b
irmingham63.jpg
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http//warresisters.org/images/birmingham.jpg
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The Nation Watches

• TV brought violent scenes to people across
  country appalled
• Protesters won desegregation of city facilities
  and fairer hiring practices
• Interracial committee set up to aid
  communication.