JUDICIAL ORIGINS

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JUDICIAL ORIGINS

• Post-Civil War Origins
• 1868 14th Amendment Did What?
• Guarantees all U.S. citizens equal protection
  and/or treatment under the law
• 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1875 Did what?
• Outlawed segregation in public facilities
• 1883 Supreme Court declares 1875 Civil Rights
  Act Unconstitutional
• 1896 PLESSY v. FERGUSON

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JUDICIAL ORIGINS (Contd.)

• PLESSY v. FERGUSON
• Origin 1890 Louisiana passes law requiring
  railroads to provide separate but equal
  accommodations for colored and white
  passengers.
• 1896 Supreme Court decision
• LA. State law does not violate the 14th Amendment
• Origin of separate but equal justification for
  segregated public facilities, etc.

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JUDICIAL ORIGINS (Contd.)

• Results?
• Segregated facilities were not equal
• State govts., especially in South, begin passing
  Jim Crow laws
• Jim Crow Laws specifically designed to place
  minorities at a disadvantage
• Examples?
• Schools, Voting rights, housing, etc.
• Large African-American migration to North during
  the WW I WW II era

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JIM CROW ERA LYNCHINGS
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World War II Civil Rights

• World War II impacts Civil Rights Why?
• FDR supported minority participation in war
  effort
• Eleanor Roosevelt, FDRs wife, supported Civil
  Rights
• Wartime demands for troops, created new job
  opportunities for minorities, but not necessarily
  in the South
• Truman Administration supports integration of the
  military (1948)

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Civil Rights The Supreme Court

• 20th Century Origins
• 1909 N.A.A.C.P. founded Define
• 1938 NAACP prepares legal strategy to overturn
• standing court decisions
  DescribeNAACP will present a series of cases
  that will slowly attack every aspect of legal /
  judicial discrimination
• Who? Thurgood Marshall is chosen to lead the
• effort (See bio., p. 258)

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• Thurgood
• Marshall statue,
• Annapolis, MD

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Brown v. Board of Education

• When? 1954
• Where? TOPEKA, KANSAS (Why significant?)
• Who?
• Plaintiffs Brown family Thurgood Marshall
  represents
• Defendants Board of Education, Topeka
• Presiding judge Chief Justice Earl Warren
• What is the importance of Warren Court
  participation?
• Issue Why does Linda Brown have to attend a
  non-white public school?
• Decision See quote, p. 858
• Segregation is unconstitutional

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• Marshall fellow
• Lawyers celebrate
• Brown v. Bd. Of Ed.
• Decision, 1954

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LITTLE ROCK

• Brown v. Board decision is not supported in many
  areas
• Problem
• What if state govts. / schools resist
  integration of public schools?
• How will the U.S. Govt. enforce the Supreme
  Courts decision?
• Problem realized
• When? 1957
• Where? Little Rock, Arkansas
• Why?
• Little Rock city govt. had begun plans to
  desegregate public schools
• GOVERNOR ORVAL FAUBUS runs for re-election
• Faubus uses segregation as a platform to get
  votes
• Faubus refuses to allow 9 African-Amer. students
  to enroll at Little Rock Central HS
• Faubus uses Arkansas National Guard to prevent
  integration

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• Governor Orval Faubus,
• Arkansas, 1957

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LITTLE ROCK (Contd.)

• Crisis
• Arkansas state govt. is violating Supreme Court
  decision
• So What?
• What if state is allowed to disregard Supreme
  Court decision?
• Result?
• Pres. Dwight Eisenhower informs Faubus students
  must be allowed to enroll
• Students known as the LITTLE ROCK NINE
• Faubus refuses
• Eisenhower sends U.S. Army (101st Airborne
  Division) to ensure integration

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• U.S. Army
• Troops at
• Little Rock H.S.,
• 1957

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ROSA PARKS

• Who? Seamstress NAACP officer
• Where? Montgomery, AL
• When? Dec., 1955
• Issue
• Despite Brown decision, many states resisted the
  decision
• Montgomerys Af.-Amer. population made heavy use
  of public buses
• Buses were still segregated
• Did What?
• Refused to move to another seat when ordered to
  by bus driver
• So What?
• Public challenge to segregation Jim Crow laws

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ROSA PARKS (Contd.)

• Parks arrested
• NAACP arranges boycott of city buses
• Protest movement develops led by members of the
  Af.-Am. Religious community
• Who? REV. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. leads movement
• Why him? Speaking ability, charisma
• Montgomery bus boycott
• 381 days
• Success
• Result? 1956 Supreme Court outlaws bus
  segregation

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PROTEST MOVEMENTS DEVELOP

• Success of Montgomery bus boycott
• Puts MLK in forefront of protest movement
• Proves NAACP organizing methods work
• Proves nonviolence can be successful protest
  method
• Where does NAACP get idea to use nonviolence?
• Various historical figures
• Examples?
• Jesus, Gandhi, etc.
• Why nonviolence?

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S.C.L.C. and the S.N.C.C.

• S.C.L.C. - Define
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference
• Led by MLK
• Organize public protests train organization
  activists
• S.N.C.C. (otherwise known as Snick)
• Primary protest movement
• SIT-INS Define
• Refusal to leave lunch counters in public
  restaurants until served or arrested
• Results?
• Widespread violence against protesters
• Widespread arrests
• Media coverage of protest movement increases
• So what?

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• S.C.L.C.
• Logo, 1955