Franklin D. Roosevelt and The Shadow of War

1
Franklin D. Roosevelt and The Shadow of War

• Chapter 35
• 1933-1941

2
The London Conference

• Summer 1933 66 nations sent delegates to the
  London Economic Conference
• Hoped to organize a coordinated international
  attack on the global depression.
• US did not attend because FDR did not agree with
  the economic policies
• Global trend toward nationalism on the rise

3
Phillipines

• While nationalism was on the rise, US took an
  isolationism policy
• Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934 - provided for the
  independence of the Philippines by 1946
• US did not want to support Phil if Japan attacked
  there

4
The Soviet Union

• 1933- US officially recognized the USSR
• Opened trade
• Friendly counter-weight to Germany in Europe and
  Japan in Asia

5
Becoming a Good Neighbor

• Good Neighbor Policy - renounced armed
  intervention in Latin America
• The last marines left Haiti in 1934
• Cuba was released from US control
• Grip on Panama relaxed in 1936

6
Reciprocal Trade Agreement

• Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements
  Act in 1934. 
• Pact with 21 countries by the end of 1939 to
  lower trade tariffs
• U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically

7
Isolation Impulse

• 1922 Benito Mussolini takes over Italy
• 1929 Joseph Stalin takes over Russia
• 1932 Adolph Hitler takes over Germany
• 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis created
• 1935 Italy attacks Ethiopia
• Americans retain their isolationist stance!

8
Joseph Stalin

• Russian Dictator
• 1929-1953
• He helped to turn Russia into a great industrial
  nation through Communism

9
Benito Mussolini

• Italian Dictator
• 1922-1943
• Fascist
• Allied with Adolph Hitler and Nazi Germany

10
Adolf Hitler

• German Fascist Leader
• 1932-1945
• Led Nazi Germany in WWII

11
Neutrality

• U.S. Congress passed the Neutrality Acts of 1935,
  1936, and 1937
• The acts were made to keep the US out of
  international conflict.

12
Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

• Spanish rebels led by Gen. Francisco Franco rose
  against the government in Madrid
• Assisted by Mussolini and Hitler, Franco defeated
  Russian supported Loyalists

13
Appeasement

• 1937 Japan led an all-out invasion of China
• FDR remained neutral and Japan cont. to buy war
  supplies from US
• 1935 Hitler announces mandatory military
  service
• 1936 A.H. took over German Rhineland
• 1938 Hitler invaded Austria

14
Munich Conference

• Sept. 1938 European nations betrayed
  Czechoslovakia and gave Germany the Sudetenland
• They hoped Hitler would be appeased
• March 1939 Hitler took over Czech.

15
USSR-Germany

• Aug. 23, 1939 Germany and USSR sign a
  non-aggression pact
• Hitler-Stalin Pact meant Germany could attack
  Poland without fear of USSR
• Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland
• Britain and France declared war on Germany
• WWII had begun!

16
The Fall of France

• The months after the invasion of Poland phony
  war no violence or attacks
• Soviet Union takes over Finland
• Hitler takes over Norway, Denmark, The
  Netherlands and Belgium in 1940
• June 1940 France was forced to surrender
• FDR calls on US to build up military
• Congress agreed to spend 37 Billion

17
Getting Ready for War

• Sept. 6, 1940 Congress passed conscription laws
• 1st peace time draft
• 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reservists each
  year
• US restates Monroe Doctrine European nations
  must stay out of Western Hemisphere (1823) and
  Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

18
The Battle of Britain (1940)

• Aug. 1940 Hitler launched air attacks on
  Britain
• Battle of Britain German attacks on the British
  Islands lasted for months.
• Americans grew sympathetic toward Great Britain.

19
Two Different Approaches

• Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
  supported helping the British
• The America First Committee committed to
  isolation
• September 2, 1940 FDR agreed to transfer 50
  destroyers left over from WWI to Britain. 
• In return, Britain agreed to hand over 8 valuable
  defensive base sites to the US. 
• This was a flagrant violation of the neutrality
  obligations.

20
Two Term Tradition ??

• Wendell L. Willkie (R)
• Franklin Roosevelt (D)
• Election of 1940 was won by FDR, Willkie
  supported many New Deal Programs

21
Lend-Lease Program

• Lend-Lease Bill passed in 1941
• It allowed for American arms to be lent or leased
  to the democracies of the world that needed
  them.  When the war was over, the guns and tanks
  could be returned. 
• Lend-Lease was a challenge to Axis dictators
  Hitler viewed it as an unofficial declaration of
  war

22
Hitler Invades USSR

• Nations were bound by Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939
• June 22, 1941 Hitler invaded USSR
• The Atlantic Conf was held in Aug. 1941
• FDR and Churchill met to discuss problems
• They came up with The Atlantic Charter
  outlining desires of world democracies

23
Surprise Assault of Pearl Harbor

• U.S. demanded that Japan clear out of China
• Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese bombers attack Pearl
  Harbor, Hawaii killing 2,348 people
• Dec. 11, 1941 US declares war