Franklin D' Roosevelt and the Shadow of War

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Chapter 37

• Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War

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London Conference

• The 1933 London Conference of 1933 was composed
  of 66 nations that came together to try to create
  a worldwide solution to the Great Depression.
• U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt at first
  agreed to send Secretary of State Cordell Hull
  but withdrew that agreement and scolded the other
  nations for trying to stabilize currencies.
• As a result, the conference adjourned
  accomplishing nothing, furthermore strengthening
  extreme nationalism.

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Growing Isolationism

• Tydings-McDuffie Act
• With hard times, Americans were eager to do away
  with their liabilities to the Philippine Islands.
  The Philippines would receive their independence
  after 12 years of economic and political
  tutelage, in 1946.
• Formal recognition of Soviet Union
• In 1933, FDR finally formally recognized the
  Soviet Union, hoping that the U.S. could trade
  with the USSR and that the Soviets would
  discourage German and Japanese aggression.

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Good Neighbor Policy

• The U.S. wanted to be a good neighbor to Latin
  America.
• The U.S. wanted to avoid being the Colossus of
  the North.
• FDRs Good Neighbor policy was a great success,
  improving the U.S. image in Latin American eyes.
• The plan provided future allies against the
  dictators
• Cuba was released from the Platt Amendment but
  the U.S. retained Guantanamo Bay

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Good Neighbor Policy
Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza with
President Franklin Roosevelt in Washington in
1939. Eleanor Roosevelt and Salvadora Somoza
stand behind them
Cuban President Fulgencio Batista and   Franklin
Roosevelt
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Reciprocal Trade Agreement

• Gave the President power to reduce the tariff by
  up to 50 if the other country involved was
  willing to respond with similar reductions.
• The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act reversed the
  traditional high-tariff policy that had damaged
  America before and paved the way for the
  American-led free-trade international economic
  system that was implemented after World War II.

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Post WWI Rise of Dictators

• Hitler Germany
• Nazi government
• Mussolini Italy
• Fascist government
• In 1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia, conquering
  it, but the League of Nations failed to take
  effective action against the aggressors.
• Stalin Russia
• Communism
• Hirohito Japan

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• Hitler and Eva Braun

Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler
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Benito Mussolini
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Invasion of Ethiopia

• The Italians had claimed Ethiopia as their
  territory. With economic conditions worsening at
  home, Mussolini needed to take actions that would
  distract the Italians people. In 1936, the
  Italians fought against poorly-armed Ethiopian
  troops in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia's capital). The
  League of Nations censured Italy, but that
  comprised the extent of world reaction.

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Joseph Stalin
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American Neutrality

• Nye Committee
• Formed to investigate whether or not munitions
  manufacturers were pro-war for the sole purpose
  of making more money and profits, as the press
  blamed such producers for dragging America into
  the First World War.
• Congress passed Neutrality Acts in 1935-37
• Bury their head in the sand legislation

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Spanish Civil War

• Spanish rebels led by the Fascist General
  Francisco Franco rose up against the
  leftist-leaning republican government.
• The U.S. stood by while Franco smothered the
  democratic government, letting a fellow democracy
  die just to stay out of war

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• By April 1939 Franco had secured his hold on
  Madrid, and many of the city's inhabitants, such
  as this woman, returned to find their homes
  pulverized by the last artillery and air attacks

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Appeasing Japan

• In 1937, Japan essentially invaded China, but FDR
  didnt call this combat a war, thus allowing
  the Chinese to still get arms from the U.S., and
  in Chicago of that year, he merely verbally
  chastised the aggressors, calling for a
  quarantine of Japan (through economic embargoes,
  perhaps) this was his famous Quarantine
  Speech.
• In December 1937, the Japanese bombed and sank
  the American gunboat, the Panay, but then made
  the necessary apologies, saving America from
  entering into war against it.

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FDR Making his Quarantine Speech
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Last Moments of Panay
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Appeasing Germany With the Munich Pact

• Hitler introduced mandatory military service,
  took the German Rhineland, exterminated millions
  of Jews and occupied Austria.
• At the September 1938 Munich Conference, the
  Allies agreed to let Hitler have Sudentenland of
  neighboring Czechoslovakia, in exchange for a
  promise that he would not take any more territory
  but six months later, in 1939, Hitler pulled the
  last straw and took over all of Czechoslovakia.
• Appeasement was now a proven failure

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Deplorable Treatment of Jews
Jewish prisoners are loaded onto the train from
Westerbork, a transit camp, on their way to a
concentration camp
The final destination for those who could not
work, the gas chamber - here, the gas chamber at
Flossenburg
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The Holocaust
executions in the Ukraine
mass grave site at Bergen-Belsen - The British
found many dead when they liberated the camp  
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Liberation of Camps
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Battle in the German Rhineland
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Chamberlain Hitler at Munich Conference
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Non-Aggression Pact

• On August 23, 1939, the USSR shocked the world by
  signing a non-aggression treaty with Germany.
• Hitler and Stalin agreed to avoid attacking each
  other
• Germany was given permission to attack part of
  Poland and USSR was given the other part of Poland

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Hitler and Stalin

• This cartoon depicts German ruler Adolf Hitler
  marrying Russian ruler Joseph Stalin, in
  reference to the non-agression pact to which
  Germany and Russia agreed in 1939. The two
  nations had been enemies in the past (and Hitler
  would break the non-agression pact a few years
  later by invading Russia). The caption underneath
  reads "Wonder how long the honeymoon will last?"

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Poland

• September 1, 1939
• Germany attacked Poland with a lightning fast
  attack by ground and air. (Blitzkrieg)
• Poland fell within 3 weeks
• France and Great Britain declared war on Germany
• U.S. remained neutral

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German Army Marching Through Poland (National
Archives)
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Cash and Carry

• A new Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed European
  nations to buy war materials, but only on a
  cash-and-carry basis, which meant that theyd
  have to provide their own ships and pay for the
  arms in cash.
• Since the British and French controlled the seas,
  the Germans couldnt buy arms from America. (U.S.
  knew this)

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Fall of France

• Hitler took Poland, Denmark, Norway, the
  Netherlands and Belgium.
• In 1940 France also fell to Germany
• The fall of France was shocking, because now, all
  that stood between Hitler and the world was
  Britain if the English lost, Hitler would have
  all of Europe to operate, and he might take over
  the Americas as well.

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Adolf Hitler in Paris (National Archives)
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American Preparedness

• Finally, Roosevelt called for the nation to
  massively build up its armed forces, with
  expenses totaling more than 37 billion
• First peacetime draft in U.S. history passed on
  September 6, 1940.

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Battle of Britain

• Hitler launched air attacks against the British
  in August 1940 and prepared an invasion scheduled
  to start a month later, but the tenacious defense
  of the British Royal Air Force stopped that
• RAF vs Luftwaffe
• British used radar to warn areas of German attack

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Churchill Finest Hour Speech

• Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties,
  and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire
  and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years,
  men will say, "This was their finest hour."

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Standing up gloriously out of the flames and
smoke of surrounding buildings, St. Pauls
Cathedral is pictured during the great fire raid
of England
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Pro-War vs Anti-War Americans

• Those who supported helping Britain formed the
  Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
• Those for isolationism (including Charles A.
  Lindbergh) were in the America First Committee,
  and both groups campaigned and advertised for
  their respective positions.

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Anti-War Propaganda
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Destroyers for Bases

• Britain was in dire need for destroyers, and on
  September 2, 1940, FDR boldly moved to transfer
  50 old-model, four-funnel destroyers left over
  from WWI, and in return, the British promised to
  give the U.S. eight valuable defensive base sites
  stretching from Newfoundland to South America.
• This caused controversy, but FDR had begun to
  stop playing the silly old games of isolationism
  and was slowly starting to step out into the
  spotlight

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The Destroyers
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The Bases

• Antigua - Naval Air Station, Sea Plane
  BaseBritish Guiana - Naval Air Station, Sea
  Plane BaseJamaica - Naval Air Station, Sea Plane
  BaseSt. Lucia - Naval Air Station, Sea Plane
  BaseBermuda - Naval Air Station, Sea Plane
  BaseNewfoundland - Three Army Air Force Bases
  (Pepperell, Goose Bay and Stephenville), Naval
  Operating Base Argentina and numerous Marine and
  Army Bases and Detachments, 88 in totalTrinidad
  - Naval Operating Base, Naval Air Station, Sea
  Plane Base, Lighter Than Air (Blimp) Base and
  Radio Station

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1940 Election

• Republicans Wendell Willke
• Democrats FDR
• Did not campaign for the job
• Shattered the two term limit tradition

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Lend-Lease Act

• U.S agreed to lend or lease arms to democracies
  whose defense was vital to the defense of the
  U.S.
• America would be the Arsenal of Democracy
• An unofficial declaration of war on Germany
• U.S. went into wartime production and this
  officially ended the depression

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This M-3 tank was loaded aboard a ship destined
for Africa as part of the 1941 Lend-Lease Act
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Hitlers Violation of the Non-Aggression Pact

• On June 22, 1941, Hitler violated the
  non-aggression pact by attacking Russia. He
  abandoned his plan to send troops to Great
  Britain.
• This was Hitlers first and fatal mistake
• Hitler assumed his invincible troops would crush
  the inferior Soviet soldiers, but the valor of
  the Red army, U.S. aid to the USSR (through
  lend-lease), and an early and bitter winter
  stranded the German force at Moscow and shifted
  the tide against Germany.

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Atlantic Charter

• FDR and Prime Minister Churchill of Great Britain
  met on a destroyer off the coast of Newfoundland.
  They discussed the war.
• Discussion became the basis for the future United
  Nation.
• Discussed Wilsons Fourteen Points

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Atlantic Charter
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Attack on Pearl Harbor

• On December 7, 1941, Japanese air bombers
  suddenly attacked the naval base at Pearl Harbor
  (where almost the entire U.S. fleet was located),
  wiping out many battleships and killing or
  wounding 3000 men.
• The next day, the one after a date which will
  live in infamy (FDR), the U.S. declared war on
  Japan, and on December 11, 1941, Germany and
  Italy declared war on the U.S.

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Damage at Pearl Harbor

• In their first attack the Japanese sunk the
  Arizona, Oklahoma, West Virginia and California.
• In two hours 18 warships, 188 aircraft and 2,403
  servicemen were lost in the attack
• All U.S. ships, except the USS Arizona, the USS
  Utah, and the USS Oklahoma, were salvaged and
  later saw action.
• Japanese lost or had damaged 103 planes in the
  attack

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The sleek Japanese Zero was the best fighter
aircraft in the Pacific in 1942. Unlike their
American opponents, many Zero pilots had
extensive combat experience gained in Japan's
unprovoked and brutal war against China.
Illustrated London News Photo
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The Arizona
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Upturned hull of 29,000 ton USS Oklahoma (BB-37).
The holes in the hull were burned to let trapped
men escape. The USS Maryland (BB-46) is in the
background.   National Archives 80G19941
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(l-r) USS Maryland (BB46), USS Oklahoma
(BB-37)(Capsized), USS Tennessee (BB-43)(hidden
by smoke), USS West Virginia (BB-48) and the USS
Arizona (BB-39). National Archives 80G32691
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USS California (BB-44). At 0840 the USS
California was shaken by several near-miss bombs
and was hit by considerable shrapnel. By 0930 her
deck would be on fire. By 1002 hours, Captain
Bunkley, the Commanding Officer, would order her
abandoned. National Archives 80G32586
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A small boat rescues seamen from the USS West
Virginia (BB-48) burning in the foreground. The
USS Tennessee (BB-43) is inboard. By 0940 hours
the foredeck of the USS West Virginia would be on
fire from the 1 turret to the bow. The flames
were almost 100 feet high. See the next
photo.National Archives 80G19930
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USS Cassin (DD-372) and the USS Downes (DD-375)
in dry dock 1. At 0830 hours the USS Downes was
struck on the after deckhouse by Japanese
bombs.The USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) is in the
background.    National Archives 80G32678
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Planes burning prior to the bombing attack by the
Japanese.   National Archives 80G32828
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Captured Japanese 2-man submarine at Bellows
Field. This sub was the only one not sunk because
it got stuck on a sandbar. The submarine's
commander, Sub-Lieutenant Sakamaki Kazuo, became
America's first Japanese POW of WW2. He was the
only midget submarine crewmember to survive the
attack. National Archives 80G32682
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Captured Japanese newsreel showing a bomber,
called a "Kate" taking off from the carrier
Shokaku to attack Pearl Harbor.   National
Archives 80G182249