Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War

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Chapter 34

• Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
• 1933-1941

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London Economic Conference

• Summer 1933 London Economic Conference
• Stabilize currency, exchange rates, international
  trade
• FDR changed his mind because of goals for
  inflation
• Conference collapsed? turned toward extreme
  nationalism, no international cooperation

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Good Neighbor Policy

• Interventionism and imperialism too much during
  Depression- no business to protect!
• Good Neighbor Policy renounce Roosevelt
  Corollary and create partnerships
• Left Haiti 1934, Cuba released 1936, lift
  controls on Panama 1936, diplomatic solutions
  with Mexico in 1938

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Totalitarianism

• Post WWI depression totalitarianism
• USSR Joseph Stalin
• Italy Benito Mussolini
• Germany Adolf Hitler
• Japan militarists wanting Pacific empire
• Hitler humiliating Treaty of Versailles!
• Rome-Berlin Axis treaty 1936

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Adolf Hitler Reviewing Troops, Berlin, 1939

• Egging his people on with theatrical displays of
  pomp and ceremony, Hitler had created a vast
  military machine by 1939, when he started World
  War II with a brutal attack against Poland.

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The Wages of Despair

• Disillusioned and desperate, millions of Germans
  in the 1930s looked to Adolf Hitler as their
  savior from the harsh terms of the Treaty of
  Versailles, which had concluded World War I. This
  Nazi poster reads, Our Last Hope Hitler.

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Totalitarianism

• Japan began naval buildup 1935
• 1935 Italy attacked Ethiopia? League of Nations
  did nothing
• US focused on isolationism? no more foreign
  entanglements

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Neutrality

• Nye Committee 1934? blame WWI on business and
  banks!
• Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937
• All warring nations belligerents
• Avoid war at all costs!

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Spanish Civil War

• Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 between Second
  Spanish Republic (Loyalists) and Nationalists
  (General Francisco Franco, fascists)
• Civil war, but still used to Neutrality Acts!
• Democracy destroyed with lack of help

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Aggression

• 1937 Japan staged attacked on their railroad in
  Manchuria, reason to attack China
• Quarantine speech by FDR? massive opposition
• 1935 Rhineland
• March 1938 seized Austria? part of 3rd Reich,
  center of Europe

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Aggression

• 1938 wanted Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia? Munich
  Conference (appeasement)
• Soon seized all of Czechoslovakia without buffer
  zone 1939
• German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
• September 1, 1939 blitzkrieg across Poland, USSR
  attacked from east
• War declared by France and GB

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Fall of France

• Phony War
• April 1940 Germany seized Denmark, Norway,
  Netherlands and Belgium
• Pushed toward France and surrounded at Dunkirk
  (evacuation!)
• Fall of France? only left GB
• Havana Conference 1940

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Great Britain and US

• Battle of Britain August 1940 air raids by the
  Luftwaffe
• Growing US sympathy, but still neutral!
• Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
• America First Committee
• FDR deal with GB for 50 WWI destroyers for 8
  defensive bases

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Lend Lease

• Cash and carry not adequate for war needs
• Lend Lease Act proposed 1941
• the arsenal of democracy
• Opponents blank check?
• Lend Lease no more hint of neutrality
• Got factories running for war effort
• Materiel to be convoyed by destroyers- some sunk
  by U Boats

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Operation Barbarossa

• June 22, 1941 blitzkrieg attack against Soviet
  Union
• Territorial disputes, Slavsinferior, oil!
• US Lend Lease to USSR
• Scorched earth, Red Army, Russian winter Nazis
  stalled outside of Moscow end of 1941

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Atlantic Charter

• Plan created by FDR and Churchill in the middle
  of the Atlantic Aug. 1941
• Post war plan, plan for common problems
• Reminiscent of the 14 Points!
• No territorial gains, self determination, lower
  trade barriers, international economic/social
  welfare cooperation, freedom from want/fear,
  freedom of seas, disarmament, permanent system of
  general security

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Pearl Harbor

• September 1940 Tripartite Pact
• Japan Pacific Empire, needed oil, scrap metal
  and steel
• US embargo on aggressor
• Negotiations up to December 1941
• December 7, 1941- Pearl Harbor attack
• December 8th declaration of war
• US instant unity and patriotism for war

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