A

1
Some viewed the task of facing the Depression as
daunting
2
Still, by the Spring of 1933, Americans awaited a
new leader, and they waited with great hope, for
he had promised a new way of fighting the
depression he had promised.
3
A New Deal for America

• Franklin Delano RooseveltFights the Great
  Depression

4
The New Deal Years

• Meet F.D.R.
• The Hundred Days
• An Alphabet Soup
• Challenges and Critics
• The Second New Deal
• Toward World War II
• Impact of the New Deal

• His past
• Eleanor
• Polio
• forming the Brain Trust
• Fireside chats
• Inaugural address

5
Roosevelts Past
Born in 1882 at Hyde Park, New York, FDR
attended Harvard University and Columbia Law
School. On St. Patrick's Day, 1905, he married
Eleanor Roosevelt. Following the example of his
fifth cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt,
Franklin D. Roosevelt entered politics, but as a
Democrat. He won election to the New York Senate
in 1910. President Wilson appointed him Assistant
Secretary of the Navy, and he was the Democratic
nominee for Vice President in 1920.
6
Eleanor Roosevelt
A distant cousin of Franklin and a niece of
Theodore, Eleanor Roosevelt did not have to
change her name when she got married in 1905! She
became a champion of the underprivileged and one
of the most powerful first ladies in history. She
traveled and spoke in public, entertained in the
White House, held press conferences and even
published a newspaper column called My Day.
7
Eleanor Roosevelt
Her humanitarian efforts on behalf of children,
the oppressed and the poor earned her the love of
millions throughout the world. She became, as
President Truman said, "First Lady of the World."
Many of her ideas were incorporated into the New
Deal Social Welfare Program. She strongly
influenced her husband as one of his top,
although unofficial, advisors.
8
The impact of Polio
In 1920, FDR had run for Vice President but lost
to Harding. In the summer of 1921, he contracted
Polio and lost the use of his legs. The disease
left him limited to a wheel chair and to very
short walks with braces and crutches and
assistance. As President, he asked that he not be
photographed while in motion, as he did not want
to be pitied as a cripple. Still, his paralysis
made him a perfect leader for the times. He had
overcome a feared and crippling illness. If he as
a person could do it, so could the nation itself!
9
Using the Radio Fireside Chats
The radio was FDRs medium of communication. He
used speeches of an informal, personal tone and
spoke as if he was sitting around a fireplace in
your home and addressing you personally. The
personal nature of these fireside chats led to
a soaring popularity and a confidence that Hoover
had only dreamed of promoting.
10
The New Deal Years

• Meet F.D.R.
• The Hundred Days
• An Alphabet Soup
• Challenges and Critics
• The Second New Deal
• Toward World War II
• Impact of the New Deal

• defined
• The Bank Holiday
• the only thing we have to fear
• Glass Steagal Act
• Federal Securities Act
• The Alphabet Agencies

11
FDRs Plan
Relief efforts to stop the suffering faced by
Americans during the depression.
R
FDR believed in direct action. He thought that
the depression was well beyond the ability of
individuals to struggle through on their own, and
that it required strong and forceful government
action. He came up with a three part strategy and
built his programs around the three goals, often
called the three Rs of the New Deal
Recovery After the medicine of relief came the
tonic stimulus to get the economy going again
R
Reform Finally, FDR proposed changes to prevent
the depression from happening again.
R
12
The Hundred Days defined
Franklin Roosevelt began his administration with
a flurry of legislation. Dozens of
anti-depression ideas were put into action in the
first three months of his administration. These
efforts were meant to give the people confidence
that the new administration was going to fight
the depression far more forcefully than Hoover
had done. Those first three months became known
as The Hundred Days.
13
A Bank Holiday
His first action was meant to restore confidence
in the banks. He announced a Bank Holiday.
Every bank in the nation was closed and audited.
Then, weak banks were taken over by others or
were closed. Only strong banks were allowed to
reopen, and investors in closed banks were
allowed to get a share of the money left in them.
An investor could have faith that banks which
reopened were healthy.
14
The Glass Steagall Act
This law tried to limit the connections between
investment and banking. It banned any public
bank from also playing the market. To reassure
the people about their banks even further, it
federally insured bank deposits (2500 per
investor at first) to prevent bank failures and
created the FDIC to monitor and administer the
program. The FDIC still exists and is one of the
most important New Deal reforms.
15
The Federal Securities Act
One of the causes of the stock collapse and the
depression was a lack of control over the stock
market and the buying and selling of stocks. Many
companies had refused to reveal vital information
about their companys health, or in some cases
actually lied. The Federal Securities Act helped
regulate the sale of stock.
16
John Maynard KeynesPump Priming
The most prominent of FDRs economic advisors was
John Maynard Keynes. He claimed that the economy
was much like a water pump, where money was like
the water. In an old fashioned pump, water had to
be added before the pump would work. In the same
way, Keynes argued, money had to be added to an
ailing economy and not just a little bit of it!
Massive government spending, he said, would
restart the economy and provide needed jobs.
17
The New Deal Years

• Meet F.D.R.
• The Hundred Days
• An Alphabet Soup
• Challenges and Critics
• The Second New Deal
• Toward World War II
• Impact of the New Deal

• The SEC
• the FDIC
• The AAA
• The CCC
• The NIRA and NRA
• HOLC
• FHA
• FERA
• PWA
• CWA
• TVA special segment

18
The SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission
1934 The SEC was intended to regulate the
stock market and restrict margin buying. The main
goal was to control abusive practices and thereby
help restore confidence in the stock market. The
measure included required disclosures of company
earnings and holdings and required public
accounting.
19
The FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
The FDIC, as you recall, was created by the
Glass-Stegall Act of 1933 to protect investors
deposits in American banks. Today, the first 100
thousand dollars of your money is protected.
The original amount was much lower, but has
increased over time. The FDIC helped restore
peoples confidence in banks after so many had
lost their money.
20
The AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration
- 1933
The AAA protected farmers from price drops by
providing crop subsidies to reduce production and
educational programs to teach methods of
preventing soil erosion. Farmers were encouraged
to destroy crops that were unneeded and while
many were facing starvation, tons of food was
destroyed, gallons of milk was poured out.
Because the AAA aggressively fought
overproduction, some businesses objected to what
they called unfair taxation, and filed suit.
21
Farm troubles continue
New Deal farming relief did not work well for the
common farmer. The main programs were focused on
the corporate farms and efforts to prevent farm
failures among the small farmers were of limited
success. And, as much as he might have wanted to,
FDR could not end the drought plaguing the
Dust Bowl. Many continued to travel Route 66
in search of a new life out west, becoming
migrant seasonal pickers employees rather than
owners.
22
The CCC Civilian Conservation Corps
The C. C. C. was created in 1933 for the
relief of unemployment through the performance of
useful public work, and for other purposes. One
of the most successful New Deal programs of the
Great Depression, it existed less than ten years,
but left a legacy of strong, well built roads,
bridges, parks and buildings throughout the
United States.
23
The NIRA NRA National Industrial Recovery Act
/ Administration
The NIRA created NRA to enforce codes of fair
competition, minimum wages, and to permit
collective bargaining of workers. Businesses that
joined the program agreed to abide by all of the
agencies regulations. The program was geared
toward large businesses, but because of its
methods of operation and psychology, many smaller
businesses also felt compelled to join.
24
The HOLC Home Own Loan Corporation
One part of the New Deal was the Home Own Loan
Corporation. It provided low cost mortgages and
lowered the rates on existing mortgages to help
prevent foreclosures. The law assisted thousands
of people to keep their homes during times when
their income was cut off by unemployment.
A new model home from the 30s how does it
compare to yours?
25
The FHA Federal Housing Administration
The FHA was created to work with banks to provide
federally insured loans for construction of new
houses and repairs to existing homes. One of the
more popular of the New Deal programs, the FHA
still exists today.
Slums were demolished to make room for new housing
26
The FERA Federal Emergency Relief Administration
FERA distributed millions of dollars of direct
aid often cash - to unemployed workers.
Although some called it the Dole, you would
call it unemployment compensation. How does the
goal of FERA compare with Herbert Hoovers
personal philosophy of relief assistance?
A FERA school built with relief money in the
early 30s.
27
The PWA Public Works Administration - 1933
Received 3.3 billion appropriation from Congress
for public works projects. These were often large
construction projects, such as Roosevelt Dam in
Arizona. Local communities or in some cases even
states applied for a government grant or loan to
construct a project. The idea was that the
construction would provide useful jobs and result
in public benefits not just leaf-raking.
28
The CWA Civil Works Administration
The Civil Works Administration provided public
works jobs at 15/week to four million workers in
1934. Some of the jobs were often criticized as
menial and as make-work, but they were often
the only work to be found. Although
A City swimming pool built by the CWA
the CWA sponsored cultural and educational
projects as well, most felt the agency was meant
to provide quick cash with little thought to the
actual usefulness of the projects.
29
The New Deal Years

• Meet F.D.R.
• The Hundred Days
• An Alphabet Soup
• - The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
• Challenges and Critics
• The Second New Deal
• Toward World War II
• Impact of the New Deal

30
What was the TVA
1933 Federal government build series of dams to
prevent flooding and sell electricity. The most
controversial element of the TVA was that it
provided the first public competition with
private power industries.
Construction of Big Ridge Dam in the Tennessee
River valley.
31
What did the TVA do?
The main goal was simple develop the Tennessee
valley and bring the people living in the valley
a better standard of living. When the TVA began,
very few of the states people had any electric
service. By the end of the thirties, the entire
seven state area had been transformed.
Douglas Dam under construction
32
The Three Rs of the New Deal
New Deal programs were based on a three pronged
attack. FDR sought to give relief, provide for
recovery, and reform the economy to prevent the
depression from reoccurring Try to categorize
some of the agencies
Relief
Recovery
Reform
Bank HolidayFERA HOLC PWA CWACCCFCA
Off gold standardFSA WPANIRA
NRAAAA NYAFHA
Glass Stegall ActFDIC FSLICSEC
REAWagner ActSocial Security
33
The New Deal Years

• Meet F.D.R.
• The Hundred Days
• An Alphabet Soup
• Challenges and Critics
• The Second New Deal
• Toward World War II
• Impact of the New Deal

• Conservatives The Supreme Court
• Conservatives The Liberty League
• Radicals Charles Coughlin
• Radicals Francis Townsend
• Radicals Huey Long

34
The Supreme Court
By 1937, the Supreme Court was asserting its
power. Several New Deal agencies such as the AAA
and the NRA had been declared unconstitutional by
the court. The entire program had not been
destroyed, but key features of each were
challenged in court and the conservative court
had ruled them illegal, thus killing two entire
agencies.
35
The Supreme Court
FDR was becoming frustrated with what he viewed
as a lack of cooperation in a time that called
for extreme measures. He believed that the will
of America should be respected. The court saw
themselves as protectors of long term democracy.
They believed that FDR was flirting with creation
of a dictatorship.
36
Conservatives The Supreme Court
Very conservative, most of the members of the
Supreme Court were appointed by Republicans and
found themselves opposed to the basic tenets of
the New Deal. They were vocal critics of the
president and his plans.
37
Roosevelt frustrated the Court Packing Scheme
In his Second Inaugural Address FDR had indicated
he was ready to pursue a more vigorous path to
reform. He stated, I see one-third of a nation
ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished... ." FDR
proposed to add up to six new judges to the
Supreme Court and up to 44 judges to lower
federal tribunals. His scheme was advertised as
court reform, but critics called it court
packing.
38
Court Packing
Most realized the dangers of such a scheme. While
FDR was popular, there was a genuine fear that
the New Deal left unchecked would lead to
socialism. The court was meant as a check on the
power of the other branches, they reasoned, and
would loose that power if a President who did not
like the courts rulings could simply appoint
more justices until his viewpoint controlled the
court.
39
Court PackingDefeated

• Eventually, the scheme was defeated as critics
  drew more and more support.
• What does this cartoonist think FDRs policies
  are doing to America?
• If you supported the idea of court packing, how
  might you portray it in a cartoon?

40
Conservatives The Liberty League
Conservative Americans often opposed the New
Deal. They argued that it represented a growing
government interference in the lives of the
people and that it harmed Americans.
41
Radicals Charles Father Coughlin
An Irish Catholic Priest, Coughlin became known
as The Radio Priest after he began a radio
ministry through which he promoted his ideas. He
thought that the New Deal stopped well short of
adequate. He was not a supporter of Communism,
however. He taught family values and focus on
Christ with compassion for the underprivileged.
42
Radicals Charles Father Coughlin
He argued for a more equal and fair national
society. This included industrialists paying
their workers a "just and living wage" and
"providing old age compensation insurance." He
also denounced the greed and corruption of
America's industrialists and warned about the
dangers of the "concentration of wealth in the
hands of the few."
43
Radicals Francis Townsend
Another critic of the New Deal claimed that it
did little to assist the elderly. Dr. Francis
Townsend advocated a plan to give a pension to
all elderly people. He suggested 150 and later
raised it to 200 per month. The money would be
spent and thus would create jobs. His proposal,
called The Townsend Plan, was passed by
Congress and became the Social Security program
we know today.
44
Radicals Huey Long
A friend to the poor of his home state of
Louisiana, Huey Long was a socialist who only
pretended to be a democrat.
During the height of the Depression, Huey P. Long
was a Senator from Louisiana. He gave himself the
nickname "Kingfish" because, he said, "I'm a
small fish here in Washington. But I'm the
Kingfish to the folks down in Louisiana."
45
Share Our Wealth
His idea called upon the federal government to
confiscate excessive wealth and to guarantee
every family in the nation an annual income of
5,000, so they could have the necessities of
life, including a home, a job, a radio and an
automobile. He also proposed limiting private
fortunes to 50 million, legacies to 5 million,
and annual incomes to 1 million. Everyone over
age 60 would receive an old-age pension. His
slogan was "Every Man A King."
46
The New Deal Years

• Meet F.D.R.
• The Hundred Days
• An Alphabet Soup
• Challenges and Critics
• The Second New Deal
• Toward World War II
• Impact of the New Deal

• Reelection
• The 2nd AAA
• The FSA
• The WPA
• meet Harry Hopkins
• The NYA
• The Wagner Act
• The FLSA
• The REA
• Social Security Act

47
Election of 1936
As the elections of 1936 neared, the Democratic
Party was in total control. FDR was wildly
popular and Alfred Landons campaign never
threatened his chances. There were a few polls
taken that seemed to give Landon a chance, even a
good chance, but they were not well designed.
They focused only on Republican strongholds and
to say the least, they were wrong. FDR won in one
of the biggest landslide votes in U.S. history,
loosing only two states.
48
Reelection 1936
49
The 2nd AAA Second Agricultural Adjustment
Administration
After the AAA was ruled unconstitutional,
Congress adopted (1936) the Soil Conservation and
Domestic Allotment Act, encouraging conservation
by paying benefits to those planting
soil-building crops instead of staple crops. The
measure worked, but was only one step. Congress
set out to replace the AAA with a new agency.
A bean processing plant in the middle of a
harvested field - 1938
50
The FSA Farm Security Administration
The FSA was created to help the smaller farmers
who still faced devastation from the depression.
It made loans and provided low cost land to many,
including minorities. The FSA helped lower
farm rents and helped tenant farmers find work as
well. Finally, the FSA created numerous
resettlement camps to assist those in need of
places to stay while they searched for migrant or
seasonal farm work.
51
The WPA Works Progress Administration
Created in 1935, the WPA employed 8.5 million
workers in construction and other jobs, but more
importantly provided work in arts, theater, and
literary projects. During the next eight years
it built or improved more than 2,500 hospitals,
5,900 school buildings, and nearly 13,000
playgrounds. It provided funds for federal
theater, arts, and writers projects that enriched
the nation's cultural life. Most of the WPA's
money, some 11 billion in all by 1943, went for
short-term, make-work projects to assist the
unemployed.
52
The NYA National Youth Administration - 1935
The WPA's National Youth Administration gave
financial aid and part time jobs to more than 2
million high school and college students and to
2.6 million young people who were not in school.
Here, two boys were employed in a library after
school
53
Meet Mary McLeod Bethune
The daughter of a former slave, Mary McLeod was
born and raised on a small farm. She was the 15th
of 17 children in her family. She was hard
working as a child and grew up with the family
teaching that what you did for others would be
repaid to you in the future by God. Later, she
became a teacher and again worked for years.
After marriage, she founded a school for black
girls. In 1935, she became the highest ranking
black woman in government history when she became
the Negro Affairs director of the NYA.
54
The Wagner Act the NLRB
The Wagner Act was intended to salvage the ideas
of the codes of fair competition after the NIRA
was scraped by the Supreme Court. The NLRB is an
independent Federal agency created in 1935 to
enforce the National Labor Relations Act. The law
allowed workers to join unions and outlawed
union-busting tactics by management. The NLRB
conducts secret-ballot elections to determine
whether employees want union representation and
investigates and remedies unfair labor practices
by employers and unions.
55
John L. Lewis and the CIO
John L. Lewis was the head of the Coal Miners
union UMW. He was the most powerful labor
leader of the 1930s and eventually helped to
create a large union to rival the skilled workers
of the AFL. It was called the Congress of
Industrial Organizations.
56
The FLSA Fair Labor Standards Act
The Fair Labor Standards act was passed in 1938.
It set provisions for hours and minimum wages as
well as abolishing most child labor and seriously
restricting the rest. The law set standards for
paying overtime and limited the normal work week
to 40 hours. Modified often through the years,
the FSLA is still in effect today.
57
The REA Rural Electrification Administration
1935 The REA encouraged farmers to join
cooperatives to bring electricity to farms. They
built power plants and hung the wires across
massive tracts of land throughout America, but
despite its efforts, by 1940 only 40 of American
farms were electrified.
58
The SSA Social Security Act
On August 14, 1935, the Social Security Act
established a system of old-age benefits for
workers, benefits for victims of industrial
accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for
dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the
physically handicapped. A response to critics who
claimed the New Deal was insensitive to the poor,
the act created the most lasting governmental
change of the entire New Deal era. The Federal
government assured workers a supplemental income
for their retirement.
59
And in turn, they are supported by the young when
they retire.
Current workers pay into the system to support
the elderly and disabled
Old Age Pension
Disability Income
Survivor Benefits
Retirees get a monthly benefit based on their
payments into the system and current costs of
living.
A social security enrollee who becomes disabled
is eligible to draw a stipend for the term of the
disability, even life.
If a person paying to Social Security dies, their
children and spouse may draw on their social
security for a limited time
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The New Deal Years

• Meet F.D.R.
• The Hundred Days
• An Alphabet Soup
• Challenges and Critics
• The Second New Deal
• Toward World War II
• Impact of the New Deal

• Society of the 30s
• The Movies
• Radio Entertainment
• Art in the Depression
• The Big Bands
• Woodie Guthrie
• The Grapes of Wrath

61
The Movies
People went to the movies. It was a fact. They
would find or create the money they needed for
Saturday at the theaters. The number one movie of
the 1930s was 1939s Gone With the Wind. Other
famous films of the day were Snow White and the
Seven Dwarves and King Kong. Another film that
remains popular today is The Wizard of Oz. That
one meant much more to people of the thirties
than it does to you today it was a political
commentary.
62
The Wizard of Oz
The Wizard of Oz as a story is an expansive
metaphor for the debate in the 1896 elections
over using the Gold Standard as the measure for
currency.  The Scarecrow represents dumb farmers,
the tin man is a heartless industrial capitalist,
the lion is a loud but impotent William Jennings
Bryan, the Wizard is the US President, McKinley
and Emerald City is Washington D.C. which is
entirely green - money based.
63
Radio Shows
Radio provided home entertainment. Music shows
such as The Grand Ole Opry and soap opera
productions not unlike the TV shows today were
popular entertainment. The Shadow was a popular
hero in radio shows who solved crimes. The
Squeaking Door was a mystery program. Youve
heard of The Lone Ranger. It was so popular
that it was serialized at the movie houses.
Lets Pretend was a fairy tale program aimed at
younger children.
64
Radio Entertainment
Today, one of the best known of all the radio
shows of the 1930s was a live production of H.G.
Wells classic The War of the Worlds. Delivered
without any indication that it was only a
fictional show, the original broadcast caused
hysteria throughout the nation until finally
recognized as a radio drama hours after it had
ended.
65
Art during the Depression
Much of the art of the era was serious and sober.
Movies and radio were light hearted much of the
time and comedy was in, but art reflected the
hard times. This piece is titled American
Gothic. The artist, Grant Wood, painted
realistic scenes in familiar ways. He painted the
scene using a photograph and his sister and
dentist as models.

1. Describe the scene in the painting American
   Gothic.
2. Why do you think the artist chose the title he
   did?
3. Why did he not use cute people?
4. What seems to be his message? Explain!
5. Is this painting representative of the Great
   Depression? Explain!

66
The Big Bands
New forms of music swept America in the late
thirties it was the era of the big bands and of
swing music. Glen Miller, Benny Goodman, Tommy
Dorsey and others provided a happy sound for
Americans who turned to dance-a-thons and big
brass concerts for entertainment.
67
Swing Music
Swing developed out of Jazz and dance music.
Benny Goodman, center, was a Jewish horn player
and leader of the Benny Goodman Orchestra,
sometimes credited with making the new music
popular. Swing dance was a fast paced, wild style
of dance followers often called themselves
Hepcats. Swing was popular into the 1940s.
68
Woody Guthrie
Woody Guthrie was a traveling folklorist,
collecting cowboy songs, mountain ballads,
religious music, blues, and work chants and then
blending these styles into more than 1,000
original songs. He experienced the worst of the
depression and traveled west through California,
entertaining as he went. One of the best known
pop musicians of his time, perhaps his most
famous song was This Land is Your Land.
69
John SteinbeckThe Grapes of Wrath
The most famous novel of the Depression may be
John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath. His novel
follows the lives of the Joad family as they
loosetheir farm in Oklahoma,become Okies and
follow Route 66 to California.Many publishers
thought the
tale was too grim, and rejected it repeatedly.
When the work was finally published, it was a hit
with those who found a part of their life in the
book. Soon, it was turned into a movie.
70
The New Deal Years

• Meet F.D.R.
• The Hundred Days
• An Alphabet Soup
• Challenges and Critics
• The Second New Deal
• Toward World War II
• Impact of the New Deal

• On women
• African Americans
• Mexican Americans
• The good neighbor policy
• Native Americans
• On Labor
• Enduring legacy Pro
• Enduring Legacy - Con

71
Women Francis Perkins
Women made a major impact during the 1930s.
Eleanor Roosevelt and Francis Perkins were two of
the more important women of the time. Perkins was
Americas first female cabinet member, serving as
Secretary of Labor. She helped create the Social
Security system and revised labor policy at the
federal level. Women still faced troubles, but
made big gains.
72
African Americans
Blacks made only limited gains during the New
Deal. Mary Bethune became a high ranking official
in the NYA and another man, A. Phillip Randolph
created the first black trade union. His
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was one
foundation for the Civil Rights movement of the
1950s. During the 1950s, the Eisenhower
administration referred to him as The most
dangerous Negro in America.
73
Mexican Americans
Mexican Americans supported the New Deal, but
benefited little as a group. What they gained
tended to be a result of farming relief programs
and agencies designed to help everyone. Even the
CCC and WPA tended to discriminate against
migrant Hispanic workers because they had no
permanent address. Also, Mexican Americans lacked
strong political leaders.
74
Native Americans
John Collier was FDRs commissioner of Indian
affairs. He promoted the Indian Reorganization
Act of 1934. The law moved American policy away
from assimilation and toward the current policy
of autonomy, where Indian tribes control their
own affairs. The law recognized tribal land,
tribal government and cultural rights. Native
Americans continued to be the poorest Americans.
75
Enduring Legacy - Pro
The New Deal created millions of jobs. The New
Deal represented an elegant compromise between
uncontrolled capitalism and over controlled
socialism. Social Security gave disability income
and old age pensions to many who never had them
before. The stock market and financial markets
were far better controlled than ever
before. Government took a more active role in
promoting the growth of the economy and that
continues today.
76
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77
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78

1. Using the information on the chart, do you think
   the New Deal was effective?
2. Why was the 2nd New Deal needed?
3. What event actually ended the Depression?

79
Enduring Legacy - Con
The government grew immensely. Americans came to
depend more on the government. The federal
government gained power. The federal budget
deficit and taxes hit all time highs. Critics
claimed that the New Deal stifled individual
initiative and hurt free enterprise. Others argue
that FDRs programs did not go far enough to
socialize the economy and create greater equity
in society. The New Deal didnt specifically
address minority needs.