HIS 106 Chapter 20

1
HIS 106Chapter 20

• European State Building and World Conflict

2
France

• Had absolute government
• A strong centralized monarchy that attempted to
  make royal power dominant over local
  aristocracies and other regional authorities

3

• Frances strongest absolute monarch was Louis XIV
• He brought most of the French nobility to live at
  Versailles (p. 444) so that he could keep an eye
  on them
• He did allow French regional courts called
  Parlements to keep some power they were
  dominated by hereditary nobility

4

• The Parlement of Paris was the most important it
  claimed the right to register royal decrees
  before they became law
• Regional Parlements were able to exercise
  authority over their local administrations and
  over taxation
• France also had a national parliament of sorts,
  Estates General, but it played no role in
  government after 1614

5

• Estates General was not called again until the
  end of the 18th century
• In total, the Estates General was not called for
  130 years
• Kings generally would pass laws as they saw fit
• Kings came down quickly and severely on nobles
  who challenged a king

6

• Since nobles were seen as a threat, the kings,
  bureaucracies were often made up of merchants and
  lawyers
• Kings also had professional armies

7
Louis XIV

• Called the Sun King
• Reigned in France from 1643 1715, the longest
  reign in European history
• Became king at age 4
• Reigned for 72 years
• 54 of those years he personally governed France

8

• 1643 1661, governing was dominated by his chief
  minister, Cardinal Mazarin
• When Mazarin died in 1661, Louis became his own
  chief minister and controlled his own government
  until he died
• Louis acted through a high state council
• He also had a small group of advisors that he
  dismissed at will

9

• Louis saw himself as all-powerful and once said
  of himself, Letat, cest moi! ( I am the
  state)
• In his early years as sovereign he
• Clarified laws
• Improved law enforcement
• Practiced mercantilism
• Was a patron of the arts
• Set up science academies

10

• One academie Louis set up is still around
  today, LAcademie Francaise
• It was created to standardize and protect the
  French language
• Another major accomplishment of Louis XIV was the
  construction of the Palais de Versailles, his
  royal palace

11

• Versailles
• 35,000 workmen took 35 years to build it
• The record of expenses was destroyed by his
  Finance Minister, Colbert
• There was a household staff of 10,000 soldiers
  and 4,000 civilians
• Built on swamp land
• Could only have one set of fountains flowing at a
  time because of low water pressure

12

• The palace itself was cold, drafty, but sumptuous
• It was filled with marble, gold, tapestries,
  paintings, gems
• Outside, there were gardens, parks, stables, and
  some smaller buildings where one could play at
  being a peasant
• Louis brought nobles to Versailles and gave them
  jobs like dressing him
• See www.louis-xiv.de

13

• Louis expanded the functions of the state, taking
  on more power
• Had state-run manufacturing
• Encouraged merchant fleets
• Sought colonies to provide raw materials for
  their young industries and to have a ready-made
  market place for their products

14

• Louis wished to make his country a Catholic
  country and so revoked the Edict of Nantes that
  had granted toleration of religion in 1685
• This proved to be a terrible mistake because a ¼
  of a million Huguenots left France taking their
  talents and their money with them
• Louis spent the last 40 years of his reign
  fighting in 4 different wars

15

• Louis XIV died on 1 September 1715 and was
  succeeded by his grandson who became Louis XV

16
Parliamentary Monarchy

• This was the second type of government to emerge
  in Europe in the 16th century
• It developed in England
• Nobility and landowners thought the monarchy was
  trying to undermine their standings in their own
  communities
• They then worked to limit the power of the
  monarchy
• The result was a Parliamentary Monarchy

17
James I (r. 1603 1625)

• Was James VI of Scotland
• Became James I of England
• Inherited a big royal debt and a divided church
• Parliament, at that time, only met when the King
  needed money, and the King didnt always get what
  he wanted

18

• So James I tried to side-step Parliament and
  imposed new customs duties himself to get money
• Parliament was insulted but didnt do much about
  it
• Another problem was that many felt James I was
  soft on Catholics he had relaxed laws against
  them

19

• James I was also very slow in responding to a
  call for help from German Protestants
• He also joined in an alliance with Catholic Spain
• Then his son Charles married a Catholic
• 1624, England went to war against Spain because
  of pressure from Parliament but didnt properly
  finance it
• They werent pleased with James I

20
Charles I (r. 1625 1649)

• Many were less pleased with James I successor,
  Charles I
• He levied his own taxes, imprisoned those who
  refused to pay, and housed soldiers in private
  homes
• 1628, Parliament met and said they would give
  Charles more money if he recognized the Petition
  of Rights

21

• The Petition of Rights said
• No forced loans
• No troops in private homes
• No imprisonment without just cause
• It expressed Parliaments resentment and
  resistance to the monarchy
• Charles agreed to it

22

• 1629, Charles dissolved Parliament until 1640
  because it complained that the King had made
  changes to their Church and that he was levying
  new taxes
• 1640, Charles reconvened Parliament because he
  needed money for a war against Scotland
• Charles had tried to impose the Church of England
  and their prayer book

23

• 1637, Scotland rebelled
• 1640, the Scots had a victory against an English
  army
• Charles needed more money so that wouldnt happen
  again
• 1642, Parliament was divided
• Those who backed Charles Cavaliers
• Those who opposed many of his policies -
  Roundheads

24

• Once again Parliament presented the King with
  their objections
• Charles responded by raising an army
• Parliament then raised an army of its own
• Civil War broke out

25
English Civil War (1642-1646)

• Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan, led the Roundheads of
  the Parliamentary Army
• Cromwells army won
• 1649, Charles I was tried for treason, found
  guilty, and executed his head was displayed on a
  pike at the Tower of London
• 1649-1660, England was dominated first by Oliver
  Cromwell until his death in 1658 and then by his
  son

26

• 1653, Oliver Cromwell disbanded Parliament,
  abolished the monarchy, and established a civil
  government with himself as Lord Protector
• Cromwell then went on to conquer Ireland and
  Scotland
• Cromwells military dictatorship was harsh and
  hated

27
Charles II (r. 1660 1685 )

• Oliver Cromwells son wasnt a good ruler and was
  soon replaced by Charles II
• The monarchy had been restored
• Parliament only met when summoned by the King
• The Anglican Church was back as the supreme
  church of England

28

• It was thought that Charles II had Catholic
  sympathies and wished to become one
• 1672, Declaration of Indulgence suspended laws
  against Catholics and other non-Anglicans
• In response, Parliament passed the Test Act where
  officials had to swear loyalty to the Anglican
  Church and against transubstantiation, a Catholic
  belief

29
James II (r. 1685 1689)

• 1685, James II became king and wanted the Test
  Act repealed it wasnt
• James II was a Catholic and appointed Catholics
  to official positions
• James had a protestant daughter, Mary, by his
  first wife many hoped she would rule after James
  II
• Then James II second wife, a Catholic, had a son
  who was baptized Catholic
• He would be the next ruler

30

• There was great opposition to this in England
• Then Parliament asked Mary and her husband,
  William of Orange of the Netherlands, to invade
  and remove James
• Upon hearing this, James and his family fled to
  France

31
Glorious Revolution

• 1689, William and Mary were named the new rulers
  of England
• They ruled from 1689 1702
• They had to recognize a Bill of Rights before
  they could sit on the throne of England
• This gave power to the privileged in England thus
  limiting the power of the monarchy
• This was the Glorious Revolution a change in
  power without bloodshed

32

• The Bill of Rights also said no Catholic could be
  King or Queen of England
• William and Mary had no heir
• Nor did Marys sister Anne (r. 1702-1714), so the
  throne after Annes reign went to the Hanovers,
  Protestants, of Germany
• This introduced the Georges to the English
  throne

33
George I

• George I reigned from 1714 1727
• He didnt speak English, so he turned over the
  running of the government to Robert Walpole, seen
  as Englands first Prime Minister
• Robert Walpole governed from 1721 1742
• He brought England stability and prosperity
• This was seen as progressive by Europeans

34
English Rulers

• James I (r.1603-1625)
• Charles I (r. 1625-1649)
• Oliver Cromwell (r. 1649 -1658)
• Richard Cromwell (r. 1658-1660)
• Charles II (r. 1660-1685)
• James II (r. 1685-1689)
• William and Mary (r. 1689-1702)

35

• Anne (r. 1702-1714)
• George I (r. 1714-1727)
• George II (r. 1727-1760)
• George III (r. 1760-1801

36
Russia

• 1380, Grand Duke Dimitri of Moscow defeated a
  group of Mongols, but it would take another
  century before Ivan III, or Ivan the Great (d.
  1505) would bring all of northern Russia under
  Moscows control and end Mongol rule in 1448

37
Ivan the Great
38
Ivan the Great

• Created a strong army
• Formed a strong centralized government
• Used his peoples loyalties to the Russian
  Orthodox Church and feelings of nationalism to
  gain support for his military campaigns against
  the Mongols

39

• While under Mongol rule, trade, manufacturing,
  and cultural life deteriorated Ivan would revive
  these
• Ivan asserted his control over the Orthodox Church

40
Ivan IV, the Terrible (r. 1533-1584)

• Came to the throne as a child
• Began to rule on his own by the age of 16
• Appointed able advisors
• Undertook sensible revisions of the law
• Reorganized the army
• 1560, Ivan had a severe personality change
• He then distrusted almost everyone

41
Ivan the Terrible
42

• Ivan formed a small group of advisors and a
  military force loyal to him
• His military went after anyone he felt was his
  enemy
• Ivan imprisoned and tortured the boyars, the
  Russian term for nobles, without reason or trial

43

• He even killed his own son because he thought the
  neckline of his pregnant daughter-in-laws dress
  was too low.
• Ivan did continue to expand Russias borders
  moving them into central Asia
• Ivan recruited peasants to move into the new
  lands known as Cossacks

44
Ivan and His Son
45

• These Cossacks went on to capture even more land
  for the Tsar -- areas by the Caspian Sea and in
  Siberia
• Loyal noblemen were then allowed to set up
  estates in these new lands using enslaved serfs
  to do the work
• People from many different cultures were now
  being ruled by the same Tsar

46

• Russia did conduct trade with others outside of
  Russia -- Example Asians and the British
• Italian artists, craftsmen, and other foreign
  architects were invited to Russia to create they
  blended western ideas with Russians ones
• Example Onion Domes on Russian Churches

47
Onion Domes of St. Basils Cathedral
48

• Russians began a tradition in the 16th century of
  looking west for art and other luxury items
• Ivan the Terrible died in 1584 leaving no heir
• A period of anarchy and war called the Time of
  Trouble followed Ivans death
• 1613, nobles elected a 17 year old boy named
  Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645) to be the new Tsar
• Thus began the dynasty that ruled Russia until
  1917

49
Michael Romanov
50
Romanovs

• Michael Romanov and his 2 successors Aleksei I
  (r. 1645-1676) and Theodore III (r. 1676-1682)
  brought stability and a strong central government
  to Russia
• The country remained poor and weak
• Boyars controlled the bureaucracy
• Tsars faced mutinies from the military

51
Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)

• 1682, a 10 year old boy ascended the throne of
  Russia as a co-ruler with his half-brother, Ivan
  IV this 10 year old was named Peter
• Ivan IV was feeble-minded and was being helped by
  their sister, Sophia
• With help from those backing him, Peter overthrew
  his sister and his half brother and began his own
  rule in 1689

52
Peter the Great
53

• Peter was fascinated by Western Europe,
  especially their military organization
• 1697, Peter visited the West, supposedly in
  disguise
• He inspected shipyards, docks, and the
  manufacture of weapons
• He talked to rulers and then returned home with
  ideas he wished use in Russia

54
Peters Goals

• Tame the Boyars
• Get control of the Church
• Reorganize his internal administration
• Develop the economy
• He achieved each goal

55
Peters Accomplishments

• Expanded the army
• Created a navy
• Imitated western military organization
• Created a secret police to prevent dissension
• Developed Russias economy so that it could
  finance his military ventures
• Made Russias a great power through warfare

56

• Peters Wars
• He attacked the Ottoman Empire and lost
• He fought Sweden and gained territory on the east
  coast of the Baltic Sea and gained an ice-free
  port
• Gained the recognition of the West

57
Other Reforms

• Improved his political organization
• Improved the armys weapons
• Brought Russian Orthodox Church under his control
• Systemized the law codes to be applied to the
  whole realm
• Revised the tax system peasants taxes were high

58

• Set up training institutes for aspiring
  bureaucrats and officers
• Built up metal and mining industries
• Created state-run munitions and shipbuilding
  factories

59

• Made cultural changes
• Nobles had to shave off beards
• Nobles had to wear Western clothes
• He provided more education in math and technology
• Welcomed the arts ballet
• Nobles had to learn and speak French

60

• Peter had St. Petersburg built with slave labor
  and moved the capital there
• Peter did not totally Westernize Russia he was
  selective
• He met with resistance , mainly from the elite
• Peasants werent made to change

61
Central and Eastern Europe

• 2 other major ruling families in Central and
  Eastern Europe
• The Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire
• The Hohenzollerns of Prussia
• See map p. 446

62
Habsburgs

• They possessed the Holy Roman Empire
• They also controlled Bohemia ( todays Czech
  Republic) , Moravia, Silesia, Hungary, Croatia,
  Transylvania, the Netherlands, and Lombardy
• Roman Catholicism was a common bond, but the
  population was quite diverse
• Unity was difficult

63

• Ottomans tried to take Vienna and failed in 1683

64
The Hohenzollerns

• Had ruled Brandenburg since1471
• Inherited east Prussia and other territories
  within the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire
• However, the House of Hohenzollern did not
  possess a crown
• Frederick William, the Great Elector (r.
  1640-1688) established himself and his successors
  as the central power of his land

65
Frederick William, the Great Elector
66

• Frederick William expected obedience from the
  nobles and in return the nobles should expect
  obedience from their peasants
• It was Frederick I (r. 1688-1713) who received
  the royal title and crown because he offered his
  army to the Holy Roman Emperor in the War of
  Spanish Succession

67
Frederick I
68

• In return, Frederick could call himself King of
  Prussia as of 1701
• His successor was Frederick William I
• He made the Prussian military a well-disciplined
  mighty army with over 80,000 soldiers by 1740
• It was the 3rd or 4th largest army in the world
• Military matters preoccupied them

69
Frederick William I
70
Worldwide Wars

• European nations with their colonial empires
  helped to create worldwide wars
• When one European nation fought another European
  nation, their colonies were obliged to fight each
  other as well
• Often these wars had one name in Europe and a
  different name in the colonies
• Ex Seven Years War in Europe and the French and
  Indian War in America